BB2 Revision14 Flashcards
Define perceptual learning [1]
The ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been perceived before
Name two forms of stimulus response learning [2]
Classical conditioning &Operant conditioning
Define relational learning [1]
Complex association of different stimuli to learn something:
- Complex forms of perceptual learning
- Spatial learning
- Observational learning
- Episodic memory
Observational learning is a
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Observational learning is a
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Where is motor information stored? [2]
ventral and dorsal striatum
The hippocampus, medial temporal lobe and neocortex is involved with which type of memory
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The hippocampus, medial temporal lobe and neocortex is involved with which type of memory
- episodic memory: personal episodes in time and space
The amygdala and cerebellum are involved with which type of memory
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The amygdala and cerebellum are involved with which type of memory
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The lateral and anterior temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex are involved with which type of memory?
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The lateral and anterior temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex are involved with which type of memory?
- episodic memory
- semantic memory
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The striatum, cerebellum and motor cortex are involved with which type of memory?
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The striatum, cerebellum and motor cortex are involved with which type of memory?
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
Explain the effect of damage to the hippocampus regarding memories [3]
Results in anterograde amnesia in which where is difficulty in taking new memories and storing them as long term.
Short term memories are not impacted.
Information processed by the sensory neocortex provides input to the hippocampus via the
dentate gyrus
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal gyrus
entorhinal cortex.
Information processed by the sensory neocortex provides input to the hippocampus via the
dentate gyrus
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal gyrus
entorhinal cortex
Describe the pathway of long term memory potentiation in the hippocampus
Input to the hippocampus via the entorhinal cortex
To the granule cells of the dentate gryus
To the pyrimadal cells of CA3 hippocampal region via mossy fibres (neurones in the dentate gyrus)
From CA3 region either goes to:
- via the fornix to the mamillary bodies. Which then connects to anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Projections go back to the cingulate gyrus and entorhinal cortex (AKA Papez’s circuit)
OR
- CA3 axons project to CA1 via schaffer collaterals. The CA1 outputs convey the results of hippocampal processing, via the subiculum, back to the entorhinal cortex and sensory neocortex
The projects in the dentate gyrus are called:
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The projects in the dentate gyrus are called:
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The projections between CA3 and CA1 in the hippocampus are called
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The projections between CA3 and CA1 in the hippocampus are called
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The [] is a pivotal structure positioned between the hippocampus proper (CA1) and entorhinal and other cortices
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The [] is a pivotal structure positioned between the hippocampus proper (CA1) and entorhinal and other cortices
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
Explain the mechanism behind long-term memory formation [2]
Long-term potentiation (LTP) (persistent increase in synaptic strength)
- Consistent and high frequency stimulation of Schaffer Collaterals (CA3-CA1, after dentate gyrus has been excited) results in EPSP in CA1 neurone.
- Causes LTP: increase in synaptic strength.
What is A?
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Perforant pathway
Perforant pathway
What is B?
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Perforant pathway
What is B?
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Perforant pathway
Which of the following occurs from changes between one sensory system and the motor system
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following occurs from changes between one sensory system and the motor system
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following occurs from changes in one sensory system
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following occurs from changes in one sensory system
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following is learning about the relationship among individual stimuli
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following is learning about the relationship among individual stimuli
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Explain the three major stages that sustain learning and memory:
Encoding [2]
Storage [1]
Retrieval [1]
Encoding:
* Acquisition: Sensory stimuli make the cut into-short-term memory
* Consolidation Changes in the brain stabilize memory over time, resulting in long-term memory
Creates a stronger representation over time
Storage:
* Represents the permanent record of the information
Retrieval
* accessing the stored information & using it to create a conscious representation or execute a learned behaviour
Very short term memory: sensory memory
Explain the two types of very short term sensory memory [2]
Echoic:
* short-lived persistence of the auditory sensory memory trace
* The auditory information just presented to you persists as a sort of echo in your head
* If you try to retrieve it quickly enough, it is still present and can be used
Iconic memory
* Short-lived persistence of the visual sensory memory trace
Very short term memory: sensory memory
How long do iconic and echoic memory last for? [2]
Echoic: The neural trace of an auditory stimulus is around 10 sec
Iconic memory: The neural trace of a visual stimulus is only 300 to 500 msec
Where is the central executive processor in the brain? [1]
prefrontal cortex
Describe the pathway of long term memory potentiation in the hippocampus
Input to the hippocampus via the entorhinal cortex
To the granule cells of the dentate gryus
To the pyrimadal cells of CA3 hippocampal region via mossy fibres (neurones in the dentate gyrus)
From CA3 region either goes to:
- via the fornix to the mamillary bodies. Which then connects to anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Projections go back to the cingulate gyrus and entorhinal cortex (AKA Papez’s circuit)
OR
- CA3 axons project to CA1 via schaffer collaterals. The CA1 outputs convey the results of hippocampal processing, via the subiculum, back to the entorhinal cortex and sensory neocortex
Explain the difference in structure between AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors [2]
NMDA:
* At normal resting membrane potentials are blocked by Mg2+
* Depolarisation of NMDA causes release of Mg2+ and unblocks the channel
* Glutamate can enter channel and Ca2+ influxes
* Ca2+ or Na+ can influx
AMPA:
* Opens in response to released glutamate and allow influx of Na+, which depolarises the neuron and produces an EPSP
* Can depolarise NMDA
LTP
Explain the synaptic changes that underlie simple forms of learning
- Activation of synapses
- Depolarization of the post-synaptic neuron
- NMDA receptors release Ca2+ (which can be triggered by activation via AMPA receptors on NDMA)
LTP
Explain the difference between high frequency LTP occurs once versus iif high frequency input is repeated a few times
High frequency LTP repeated once:
* LTP lasts approx. 3 hours and decays.
* This transient, early LTP is not dependent on protein synthesis
High frequency LTP repeated many times:
* Form of late LTP occurs that lasts for approx. 24 hours
* Dependent on protein synthesis.
* Requires Ca2+ to activate a cascade of enzymes via cyclic AMP
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
State the changes that occur pre-synaptically with LTP:
In early LTP [1]
In late LTP [1]
Early LTP: ncrease in the amount of glutamate released by the terminal buttons
In late LTP, an increased number of release sites increases the amount of glutamate released
State the changes that occur post-synaptically with LTP [2]
Changes in the size and shape of dendritic spines
Growth of new dendritic spines
Why do we need long term depression of memories?
All active synapses would end up being strong.
As a necessary balance to learning-enhanced activity, there is also activity dependent long term depression
Explain the mechanism of long term depression of memory [1]
(In hippocampus)
Hippocampus: where low-frequency long period stimulation depresses the EPSP for several hours.
- Involves a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors
Explain the difference in neural connections between early memory consolidation and late consolidation [3]
Connections between the hippocampus and various cortical modules are critical in early memory formation
Over time, the cortical modules form connections among themselves and the connections with the hippocampus become less important
When the memory is fully consolidated, only the cortical to cortical connections are important and the hippocampus becomes unnecessary
The retrieval cue accesses the memory directly from the cortical to cortical network of connections that form the unified representation of the memory
Which area of the brain undergoes lesions to cause working memory loss?
Temporal
Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Which area of the brain undergoes lesions to cause working memory loss?
Temporal
Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Which area of the brain undergoes lesions to cause long term memory loss?
Temporal
Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Which area of the brain undergoes lesions to cause long term memory loss?
Temporal
Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Working memory (aka short term memory)
What is the name for the area that controls short term memory? [1]
Central executive [1]
Working memory
Name and describe the inputs to the central execuative? [2]
Visuospatial sketchpad: a store for visual and spatial information.
Phonological loop: is a temporary store for verbal information and speech- holds thoughts in a speech-based form for 1-2 seconds.
A patient presents with inability to recall lists told to him is likely caused by a lesion in which of the following?
Visuospatial sketchpad
Phonological loop
Where in the brain would this lesion be? [1]
Phonological loop: left posterior parietal lesion
Lesions impacting the visuospatial working memory would occur from which regions of the brain? [2]
Left AND Right
Anterior occipital cortex: Broadmann area 19
Inferior posterior parietal lobe
Supramarginal gyrus
(Broadmann area 40)
Working memory
Label A-E
