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AFN Chem & Physics > Module 8 Part 2 > Flashcards

Module 8 Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Principle aim in eating fat and sugar is ______ content

A

energy

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2
Q

Carbohydrates and triglycerides are metabolized through primarily _______ reactions

A

oxidation

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3
Q

The main high-energy molecule is adenosine triphosphate, more commonly known as _____

A

ATP

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4
Q

The role of ____________ is to shuttle the carbons from metabolism of glucose and fatty acids into the Krebs Cycle

A

acetyl coenzyme A

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5
Q

______ stores and transports chemical energy within cells and plays an important role in synthesis of nucleic acids

A

ATP

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6
Q

Several reactions in metabolism are oxidation–reduction (or ______) reactions

A

redox

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7
Q

Name the two principle redox carriers in metabolism

A 
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) 
coenzyme Q (CoQ)
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8
Q

The added hydrogen on NADH is the energized form that can feed into the electron transport chain to synthesize _____

A

ATP

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9
Q

_____ is the energized form of CoQ that can feed into the electron transport chain to synthesize ATP

A

QH2

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10
Q

Oxidation = _____ of electrons

A

loss

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11
Q

Reduction = _____ of electrons

A

gain

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12
Q

↑ # of bonds to O

↓ # of bonds to H

A

Oxidation

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13
Q

↓ # of bonds to O

↑ # of bonds to H

A

Reduction

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14
Q

NAD+ is reduced into _____ (increased bonds to H)

A

NADH

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15
Q

Carbohydrates are converted into _______, which feeds the glycolysis pathway

A

glucose

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16
Q

The six carbons in glucose are broken down into 2, three-carbon molecules of _______ acid, along with 2 molecules each of _____ and ______ for each glucose molecule metabolized

A

pyruvic acid
ATP
NADH

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17
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid is reduced to _________, which consumes the NADH produced

A

lactic acid

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18
Q

________ metabolism is highly inefficient because the more energetically valuable of the two high-energy products (NADH) is consumed

A

Anaerobic

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19
Q

Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid is converted into _________. This pathway (specifically this reaction) also provides an NADH, along with ________

A

acetyl CoA

carbon dioxide

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20
Q

The acetyl CoA molecules feed the __________

A

Krebs Cycle

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21
Q

Also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

A

Krebs Cycle

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22
Q

Main aerobic energy producing pathway driven by Acetyl CoA

A

Krebs Cycle

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23
Q

One glucose molecule can drive ____ rounds of Krebs Cycle

A

2

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24
Q

One molecule of stearic acid can drive ____ rounds of Krebs Cycle

A

9

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25
Q

NADH and QH2 both require ______ to convert their stored energy into ATP.

A

oxygen

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26
Q

Each turn of Krebs Cycle makes ____ ATP molecule(s), ___ NADH molecule(s), ____ QH2 molecule(s)

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1 QH2

27
Q

Each NADH makes ____ ATP

A

2.5 ATP

28
Q

Each QH2 makes ____ ATP

A

1.5 ATP

29
Q

Each acetyl CoA is worth ____ ATP total

A

10 ATP

30
Q

_______ serve many roles in living systems, from transport molecules, such as hemoglobin, to structural and locomotion tissues, to enzymes that are necessary to catalyze virtually every chemical process that living organisms carry out.

A

Proteins

31
Q

The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids in the _________

A

peptide chain

32
Q

sickle cell anemia is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the ________ chain

A

hemoglobin

33
Q

an amide bond formed between the amino group of one and the carboxyl group of another amino acid

A

Peptide bond

34
Q

When two amino acids are joined together, the protein is a _________

A

dipeptide

35
Q

When three amino acids are joined together, the protein is a ________

A

tripeptide

36
Q

When many amino acids are joined together, the protein is a ________

A

polypeptide

37
Q

There are only about _____ common amino acids

A

20

38
Q

Amino acids contain two organic functional groups: an ________ group and a ________ group

A

amine

carboxylic acid

39
Q

Each amino acid has a unique ________ that gives the amino acid its characteristic physical and chemical properties

A

side chain

40
Q

Naturally occurring amino acids belong to the ___-family

A

L-family

41
Q

All amino acids (except _______) are chiral

A

glycine

42
Q

The secondary structure of a protein is how the polypeptide chain is “________”

A

twisted

43
Q

What are the two common types of secondary protein structures

A

alpha helix

beta pleated sheet

44
Q

A type of molecule that has a non-superposable mirror image

A

Chiral molecule

45
Q

Propofol is made from soybean oil and a phospholipid called egg ________

A

lecithin

46
Q

What is the most efficient means of carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Aerobic metabolism (uses acetyl CoA to produce 10 ATP)

47
Q

This level of protein structure is how the alpha helices and beta sheets are folded into a compact structure

A

Tertiary structure

48
Q

This level of protein structure, like the structure of hemoglobin, contains more than one amino acid chain

A

Quaternary protein structures

49
Q

Specialized proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living systems

A

Enzymes

50
Q

Enzymes are globular proteins with folded peptide chains into the active site of the enzyme called the _________

A

chiral pocket

51
Q

The specificity of specific substrate molecules is due to the __________ of an enzyme

A

chiral pocket (or active cite)

52
Q

An enzymes chiral pocket also contains specific key _________ chains

A

amino acid

53
Q

__________ function in protein synthesis

A

nucleic acids

54
Q

______ is the “Blueprint” for synthesis of proteins

A

DNA

55
Q

______ is the “contractor” for construction

A

RNA

56
Q

______ is a biopolymer of phosphate sugars

A

DNA

57
Q

________ is the structural sugar in DNA

A

2-deoxyribose

58
Q

_______ reads the instructions for synthesis encoded on a strand of DNA and carries those instructions to the cytoplasm and is synthesized in the nucleus directly from DNA

A

m-RNA

59
Q

______ ushers the amino acids into the polypeptide chain and is present in the cytoplasm

A

t-RNA

60
Q

section of DNA that contains enough information to make 1 protein

A

Gene

61
Q

A 3-base pair in m-RNA that codes for an amino acid

A

Codon

62
Q

A 3-base sequence in t-RNA that matches a codon

A

Anticodon

63
Q

The process of forming a complementary m-RNA strand from the DNA. This process occurs in the cell nucleus

A

Transcription

64
Q

The process of pairing an AA bearing t-RNA to m-RNA

A

Translation

AFN Chem & Physics (21 decks)

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