Module 8 Part 2 Flashcards
Principle aim in eating fat and sugar is ______ content
energy
Carbohydrates and triglycerides are metabolized through primarily _______ reactions
oxidation
The main high-energy molecule is adenosine triphosphate, more commonly known as _____
ATP
The role of ____________ is to shuttle the carbons from metabolism of glucose and fatty acids into the Krebs Cycle
acetyl coenzyme A
______ stores and transports chemical energy within cells and plays an important role in synthesis of nucleic acids
ATP
Several reactions in metabolism are oxidation–reduction (or ______) reactions
redox
Name the two principle redox carriers in metabolism
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) coenzyme Q (CoQ)
The added hydrogen on NADH is the energized form that can feed into the electron transport chain to synthesize _____
ATP
_____ is the energized form of CoQ that can feed into the electron transport chain to synthesize ATP
QH2
Oxidation = _____ of electrons
loss
Reduction = _____ of electrons
gain
↑ # of bonds to O
↓ # of bonds to H
Oxidation
↓ # of bonds to O
↑ # of bonds to H
Reduction
NAD+ is reduced into _____ (increased bonds to H)
NADH
Carbohydrates are converted into _______, which feeds the glycolysis pathway
glucose
The six carbons in glucose are broken down into 2, three-carbon molecules of _______ acid, along with 2 molecules each of _____ and ______ for each glucose molecule metabolized
pyruvic acid
ATP
NADH
Under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid is reduced to _________, which consumes the NADH produced
lactic acid
________ metabolism is highly inefficient because the more energetically valuable of the two high-energy products (NADH) is consumed
Anaerobic
Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid is converted into _________. This pathway (specifically this reaction) also provides an NADH, along with ________
acetyl CoA
carbon dioxide
The acetyl CoA molecules feed the __________
Krebs Cycle
Also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
Krebs Cycle
Main aerobic energy producing pathway driven by Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
One glucose molecule can drive ____ rounds of Krebs Cycle
2
One molecule of stearic acid can drive ____ rounds of Krebs Cycle
9
NADH and QH2 both require ______ to convert their stored energy into ATP.
oxygen
Each turn of Krebs Cycle makes ____ ATP molecule(s), ___ NADH molecule(s), ____ QH2 molecule(s)
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 QH2
Each NADH makes ____ ATP
2.5 ATP
Each QH2 makes ____ ATP
1.5 ATP
Each acetyl CoA is worth ____ ATP total
10 ATP
_______ serve many roles in living systems, from transport molecules, such as hemoglobin, to structural and locomotion tissues, to enzymes that are necessary to catalyze virtually every chemical process that living organisms carry out.
Proteins
The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids in the _________
peptide chain
sickle cell anemia is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the ________ chain
hemoglobin
an amide bond formed between the amino group of one and the carboxyl group of another amino acid
Peptide bond
When two amino acids are joined together, the protein is a _________
dipeptide
When three amino acids are joined together, the protein is a ________
tripeptide
When many amino acids are joined together, the protein is a ________
polypeptide
There are only about _____ common amino acids
20
Amino acids contain two organic functional groups: an ________ group and a ________ group
amine
carboxylic acid
Each amino acid has a unique ________ that gives the amino acid its characteristic physical and chemical properties
side chain
Naturally occurring amino acids belong to the ___-family
L-family
All amino acids (except _______) are chiral
glycine
The secondary structure of a protein is how the polypeptide chain is “________”
twisted
What are the two common types of secondary protein structures
alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
A type of molecule that has a non-superposable mirror image
Chiral molecule
Propofol is made from soybean oil and a phospholipid called egg ________
lecithin
What is the most efficient means of carbohydrate metabolism?
Aerobic metabolism (uses acetyl CoA to produce 10 ATP)
This level of protein structure is how the alpha helices and beta sheets are folded into a compact structure
Tertiary structure
This level of protein structure, like the structure of hemoglobin, contains more than one amino acid chain
Quaternary protein structures
Specialized proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living systems
Enzymes
Enzymes are globular proteins with folded peptide chains into the active site of the enzyme called the _________
chiral pocket
The specificity of specific substrate molecules is due to the __________ of an enzyme
chiral pocket (or active cite)
An enzymes chiral pocket also contains specific key _________ chains
amino acid
__________ function in protein synthesis
nucleic acids
______ is the “Blueprint” for synthesis of proteins
DNA
______ is the “contractor” for construction
RNA
______ is a biopolymer of phosphate sugars
DNA
________ is the structural sugar in DNA
2-deoxyribose
_______ reads the instructions for synthesis encoded on a strand of DNA and carries those instructions to the cytoplasm and is synthesized in the nucleus directly from DNA
m-RNA
______ ushers the amino acids into the polypeptide chain and is present in the cytoplasm
t-RNA
section of DNA that contains enough information to make 1 protein
Gene
A 3-base pair in m-RNA that codes for an amino acid
Codon
A 3-base sequence in t-RNA that matches a codon
Anticodon
The process of forming a complementary m-RNA strand from the DNA. This process occurs in the cell nucleus
Transcription
The process of pairing an AA bearing t-RNA to m-RNA
Translation
