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AFN Chem & Physics > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Any material that has the ability to flow

A

fluid

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2
Q

Hydrostatics definition

A

study of fluids that are not moving (density & pressure)

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3
Q

Hydrodynamics definition

A

study of fluids in motion

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4
Q

(T/F) Fluids can be either liquids or gases

A

True

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5
Q

(T/F) Hydrostatic pressure does not depend on volume, container shape, or total mass

A

True

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6
Q

(T/F) Hydrostatic pressure only depends on the depth of fluid, its density, and the acceleration of gravity

A

True

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7
Q

Used to measure the specific gravity of liquids

A

hydrometer

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8
Q

Smooth and orderly flow of fluid

A

laminar flow

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9
Q

Chaotic and abruptly changing flow of fluid

A

Turbulent flow

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10
Q

A mixture of laminar flow along the walls and turbulent flow in the center

A

Transitional flow

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11
Q

volume of fluid that flows past a point per unit time

A

Flow rate

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12
Q

SI unit for flow rate

A

m^3/s (cubic meters per second)

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13
Q

In laminar flow, the flow velocity at the center is ____ times the velocity of the mean flow

A

2 times

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14
Q

This type of flow predominates in the terminal bronchioles (smaller airways)

A

Laminar

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15
Q

Blood flow is an example of ______ flow

A

laminar

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16
Q

Large airway flow is an example of ______ flow

A

Turbulent

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17
Q

Name 5 variables that can cause laminar flow to turn into turbulent flow

A
  • increased velocity
  • change in viscosity
  • change in density
  • change in diameter
  • rough, irregular vessel walls
  • kinked tubing angled >25 degrees
  • medium to large airways
  • coughing and phonation
  • orifice constriction such as glottic closure
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18
Q

As the speed of the fluid increases, the pressure of the fluid _______. This is explained by the _______ equation.

A

Decreases

Bernoulli equation

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19
Q

The basis of the venturi effect when using venturi masks

A

Bernoulli equation - higher speeds = lower pressure

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20
Q

Nebulizers use the ________ to deliver both humidification and medications such as albuterol.

A

venturi effect

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21
Q

Explains the tendencies of fluid flow in a bifurcated tube after passing a constriction

A

Coanda effect

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22
Q

During the coanda effect, the path with the _____ flow velocity will receive a higher volume of fluid or gas at the expense of the path with ______ flow velocity.

A

greater
lesser

(think about this almost like a vacuum. The faster velocity pathway will draw more of the fluid volume towards it)

23
Q

This law mathematically describes laminar flow

A

Poiseuille’s Law

24
Q

List the 4 components of Poiseuille’s Law

A
  • Radius
  • Viscosity
  • Length
  • Pressure
25
Q

This variable has the most dramatic effect on flow according to poiseuille’s law

A

Radius

26
Q

Doubling the radius increases flow by ___ times

A

16

27
Q

Increased viscosity = ______ flow rate

A

decreased

28
Q

Increasing the radius = ______ flow rate

A

increased

29
Q

Increasing the length of tubing = ______ flow rate

A

decreased

30
Q

Increased pressure exerted on tubing = _____ flow rate

A

increased

31
Q

If tube length decreased by 1/2, then the flow rate increases by ____ times.

A

2 times

32
Q

This class of drug increases bronchial tube diameter, improving gas flow

A

B2 agonists

33
Q

Glottic closure & irregular wall or angles >25 degrees cause ______ flow in the medium to large airways

A

turbulent

34
Q

Increasing peak inspiratory pressures (PIPs) increases the pressure gradient, improving gas flow and tidal volume (Vt). However, this increases the risk of what?

A

converting laminar flow to turbulent flow

35
Q

Determines the presence of laminar, transitional, or turbulent flow

A

Reynold’s number

36
Q

Re

A

Reynold’s number

37
Q

Reynold’s number equation incorporates factors of Poiseuille’s Law and fluid ______

A

density

38
Q

Reynold’s number is ______ related to viscosity

A

inversely

39
Q

Re < or = 2000 reflects ______ flow

A

laminar

40
Q

Re >2000 reflects _____ flow

A

turbulent

41
Q

In status asthmaticus pts., the addition of helium (heliox) to the breathing gas results in a decrease in the _____ of the gas and increases flow through airways

A

density

42
Q

Describes the relationship of wall tension (T) to pressure (P) and radius (r) in cylinders and spheres

A

Law of LaPlace

43
Q

stress force exerted over a given area

A

Tension

44
Q

Law of LaPlace equation for cylinders (blood vessels, aneurysms, ventricles)

A

T = Pr

45
Q

Law of LaPlace equation for spheres (alveoli)

A

2T = Pr

46
Q

In cylinders, wall tension increases with ______ radius

A

increasing

47
Q

This law shows why smaller capillaries don’t burst during periods of hypertension, whereas larger vessels and aneurysms may

A

Law of LaPlace

48
Q

Increased pressure = ______ tension

A

increased

49
Q

Increased wall tension at end diastole = _____ stroke volume

A

increased

50
Q

Without surfactant, _____ alveoli would collapse, as they would require higher pressure to open compared to _____ alveoli.

A

smaller

larger

51
Q

If surface tension was the same, pressure is ______ in smaller alveoli than larger alveoli

A

greater

52
Q

Lack of surfactant _____ wall tension

A

increases

53
Q

what is the equation used for total pressure calculations of fluids on the bottom of cylinders when given height, atmospheric pressure and density of the fluid?

A

P2 = P1 + pgh

P1 = atmospheric pressure (in Pa)
p = density in kg/m3
g = gravity constant (9.81 m/s2)
h = height in m

AFN Chem & Physics (21 decks)

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