Module 8 Flashcards
The study of the chemistry that occurs in living systems
Biochemistry
What are the 4 categories of biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Type of biomolecule used for energy storage and structure
Carbohydrates
Type of biomolecule that are structural elements and chemical catalysts (enzymes)
Proteins
Type of biomolecule that forms chemical genetic code through H-bonding
Nucleic Acids
Type of biomolecule characterized primarily by physical properties pertaining to solubility and polarity
Lipids
Type of biomolecule that are ketones or aldehydes w/ multiple alcohol groups
Carbohydrates
Type of biomolecule that contain amine and carboxylic acids functional groups
Proteins
Cx(H2O)y
Carbohydrates
An enzyme is a ______
Protein
______ are polymers of amino acids
Proteins
_______ are polymers joined together by phosphate ester linkages
Nucleic acids
_______ are the architects and construction contractors of proteins.
Nucleic acids
______ are biomolecules that are more soluble in organic solvents, such as ether, than in water.
Lipids
_______ are largely composed of nonpolar hydrocarbon functional groups, in addition to a small proportion of polar functional groups
Lipids
Glucose is a ________
Monosaccharide
Sucrose (table sugar) is a ________
Disaccharide
_________ are sugars that cannot easily be broken down into simpler sugars.
Monosaccharides
_________ are composed of two monosaccharides joined by an acetal or ketal link-age
Disaccharides
_________ are chains composed of many (hundreds or thousands) monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides
Starches and cellulose are both ________
Polysaccharides
The structural material in plant matter and the major component of dietary fiber
Cellulose
A _______ is a polymer of glucose that we can digest: glycogen and amylopectin
Starch
Most of the carbon atoms in sugars have a ________ geometry
tetrahedral
The three-dimensional structure of carbohydrates is commonly depicted using ______ projections
Fischer
_______ are essentially a 2D representation of a 3D model
Fischer projections
topological property of an object that the mirror image differs
Chirality
Same number of atoms but different arrangement of atoms
Isomers
Molecules with same formula, but different 3-D atomic arrangement
Stereoisomers
Pairs of stereoisomers that are chiral
Enantiomers
A _______ mixture contains equal amounts of the (+) enantiomer and the (−) enantiomer and has the designation (±)
Racemic
Enantiomers that rotate polarized light in a clockwise direction (to the right) are called the ________ isomer and labeled as the (+) enantiomer
dextrorotatory
Dextrorotatory isomers rotate polarized light in a ______ direction (to the ______)
clockwise
right
The enantiomer that rotates polarized light in a counterclockwise direction (to the left) is called the ________ isomer and is labeled as the (−) enantiomer
levorotatory
Levorotatory isomers rotate polarized light in a _______ direction (to the ______)
counterclockwise
left
The isomer that is the + enantiomer
dextrorotatory
The isomer that is the - enantiomer
levorotatory
Etomidate is administered as an optically pure R(?) isomer (+ or -)
R(+)
Carbohydrates belong to the ______-handed family
right-handed
Amino acids belong to the ______-handed family
left-handed
(?) isoflurane is 2-fold more effective than the (?) isomer (+ or -)
(+)
-
In a chiral molecule, a carbon is a _______ when it has 4 groups
stereocenter (or chiral center)
(This was from the powerpoint, however online resources call this a chiral center specifically. I would know both terminologies)
In the IUPAC system for naming the configuration around a stereocenter, R stands for _______-handed
Right-handed
In the IUPAC system for naming the configuration around a stereocenter, S stands for _______-handed
Left-handed
(T/F) Two enantiomers of the same drug can have different pharmacokinetic effects
True
(T/F) Dexmedetomidine is the dextro-enantiomer of medetomidine
True
Glucose rotates to the right and is also known as ______
Dextrose
Fructose rotates to the left and was formerly known as ______
Levulose
The phenomenon of enantiomers tilting polarized light in opposite directions is known as _________
Optical activity
Is a racemic mixture or drug optically active?
No
(since racemic mixtures contain both enantiomers, the opposite rotation cancels each other out, leaving a (+-) mixture that is not optically active)
(T/F) Bupivacaine is a racemic mixture
True
This drug is a R(-) enantiomer of 1-propyl-2’6’-pipecoloxylidide
Ropivacaine
This drug is a S(-) enantiomer of 1-butyl-2’6’-pipecoloxylidide
Levobupivacaine
(T/F) Lipids are hydrophobic
True
What are the two categories of lipids
Saponifiable & nonsaponifiable
Name the 3 saponifiable lipids
triglycerides
waxes
phospholipids
Name the 3 nonsaponifiable lipids
steroids
prostaglandins
fat-soluble vitamins
These type of lipids are esters composed of glycerin and fatty acids
Glycerides
1 fatty acid + glycerin
Monoglyceride
2 fatty acids + glycerin
Diglycerides
3 fatty acids + glycerin
Triglycerides
__________ are more commonly called fats or oils
Triglycerides
A _____ is a triglyceride that comes from animal sources, has a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids, and is a solid at room temperature
Fat
An _____ is a triglyceride that generally comes from plant sources, contains a larger percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, and is a liquid at room temperature
Oil
_________ are long-chained carboxylic acids.
Fatty acids
Naturally occurring fatty acids always have an ______ number of carbon atoms
Even
________ fatty acids have carbon chains that contain only carbon–carbon single bonds
Saturated
________ fatty acids have carbon chains that contain at least one carbon–carbon double bond
Unsaturated
__________ fatty acids have one carbon–carbon double bond in the chain
Monounsaturated
__________ fatty acids have two or more double bonds in the carbon chain
polyunsaturated
Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have the ____ double-bond configuration
cis
The cis double-bond configuration means what?
Both H are on the same side of the double-bond
Saponification means “_____ forming”
Soap
Since triglycerides are esters, they can undergo a reaction called saponification, which is hydrolysis by aqueous _____________
sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Most detergents are derived from ________
triglycerides
_________ are similar in structure to the glycerides, except that one of the fatty acid residues has been replaced by a phosphate ester group
Phospholipids
This type of lipid is common in cellular membranes because of its surfactant properties
Phospholipids
__________ can form barriers to separate the aqueous cytoplasm from the aqueous extracellular fluid while facilitating the transport of ionic and polar materials through the membrane
phospholipids
Phosphatidylcholine, also known as _______, is a typical phospholipid
lecithin
Characterized by (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene) three 6-membered rings fused to 5-membered ring
Steroids
Some common ______ include cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone
steroids
Cholesterol is transported in the blood as a _________, which is an aggregate of water-soluble proteins, cholesterol, and other lipids, including tri-glycerides
lipoprotein
_______ are denser than _______, so the ratio of protein to lipid determines the classification of the lipoprotein
Proteins
Lipids
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have a _______ protein-to-lipid ratio than low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
Greater
High levels of _____ are indicative of potential heart problems, not because of a different form of cholesterol, but because they are more likely to dump their load of cholesterol into the arteries, leading to plaque formation and atherosclerosis
LDL
Sex hormones are _______
Steroids
Cortisol and aldosterone are _______
steroids
__________ are powerful, but short-lived, hormones in mammalian systems that were first isolated from seminal fluid
Prostaglandins
The name prostaglandins is derived from “____________”
Prostate gland
Prostaglandins are synthesized in vivo from an _________ fatty acid called arachidonic acid
unsaturated
The identifying structural feature of a ___________ is a five-membered ring with a seven-carbon side chain, R7 (often ending in a carboxylic acid group) adjacent to an eight-carbon chain, R8
prostaglandin
____________ play a key role in the generation of the inflammatory response
Prostaglandins
This type of lipid allows the transport of ionic and polar materials through the membrane
phospholipids
