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AFN Chem & Physics > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of the chemistry that occurs in living systems

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

What are the 4 categories of biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

Type of biomolecule used for energy storage and structure

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Type of biomolecule that are structural elements and chemical catalysts (enzymes)

A

Proteins

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5
Q

Type of biomolecule that forms chemical genetic code through H-bonding

A

Nucleic Acids

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6
Q

Type of biomolecule characterized primarily by physical properties pertaining to solubility and polarity

A

Lipids

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7
Q

Type of biomolecule that are ketones or aldehydes w/ multiple alcohol groups

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

Type of biomolecule that contain amine and carboxylic acids functional groups

A

Proteins

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9
Q

Cx(H2O)y

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

An enzyme is a ______

A

Protein

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11
Q

______ are polymers of amino acids

A

Proteins

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12
Q

_______ are polymers joined together by phosphate ester linkages

A

Nucleic acids

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13
Q

_______ are the architects and construction contractors of proteins.

A

Nucleic acids

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14
Q

______ are biomolecules that are more soluble in organic solvents, such as ether, than in water.

A

Lipids

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15
Q

_______ are largely composed of nonpolar hydrocarbon functional groups, in addition to a small proportion of polar functional groups

A

Lipids

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16
Q

Glucose is a ________

A

Monosaccharide

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17
Q

Sucrose (table sugar) is a ________

A

Disaccharide

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18
Q

_________ are sugars that cannot easily be broken down into simpler sugars.

A

Monosaccharides

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19
Q

_________ are composed of two monosaccharides joined by an acetal or ketal link-age

A

Disaccharides

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20
Q

_________ are chains composed of many (hundreds or thousands) monosaccharide units

A

Polysaccharides

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21
Q

Starches and cellulose are both ________

A

Polysaccharides

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22
Q

The structural material in plant matter and the major component of dietary fiber

A

Cellulose

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23
Q

A _______ is a polymer of glucose that we can digest: glycogen and amylopectin

A

Starch

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24
Q

Most of the carbon atoms in sugars have a ________ geometry

A

tetrahedral

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25
Q

The three-dimensional structure of carbohydrates is commonly depicted using ______ projections

A

Fischer

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26
Q

_______ are essentially a 2D representation of a 3D model

A

Fischer projections

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27
Q

topological property of an object that the mirror image differs

A

Chirality

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28
Q

Same number of atoms but different arrangement of atoms

A

Isomers

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29
Q

Molecules with same formula, but different 3-D atomic arrangement

A

Stereoisomers

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30
Q

Pairs of stereoisomers that are chiral

A

Enantiomers

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31
Q

A _______ mixture contains equal amounts of the (+) enantiomer and the (−) enantiomer and has the designation (±)

A

Racemic

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32
Q

Enantiomers that rotate polarized light in a clockwise direction (to the right) are called the ________ isomer and labeled as the (+) enantiomer

A

dextrorotatory

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33
Q

Dextrorotatory isomers rotate polarized light in a ______ direction (to the ______)

A

clockwise

right

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34
Q

The enantiomer that rotates polarized light in a counterclockwise direction (to the left) is called the ________ isomer and is labeled as the (−) enantiomer

A

levorotatory

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35
Q

Levorotatory isomers rotate polarized light in a _______ direction (to the ______)

A

counterclockwise

left

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36
Q

The isomer that is the + enantiomer

A

dextrorotatory

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37
Q

The isomer that is the - enantiomer

A

levorotatory

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38
Q

Etomidate is administered as an optically pure R(?) isomer (+ or -)

A

R(+)

39
Q

Carbohydrates belong to the ______-handed family

A

right-handed

40
Q

Amino acids belong to the ______-handed family

A

left-handed

41
Q

(?) isoflurane is 2-fold more effective than the (?) isomer (+ or -)

A

(+)

-

42
Q

In a chiral molecule, a carbon is a _______ when it has 4 groups

A

stereocenter (or chiral center)

(This was from the powerpoint, however online resources call this a chiral center specifically. I would know both terminologies)

43
Q

In the IUPAC system for naming the configuration around a stereocenter, R stands for _______-handed

A

Right-handed

44
Q

In the IUPAC system for naming the configuration around a stereocenter, S stands for _______-handed

A

Left-handed

45
Q

(T/F) Two enantiomers of the same drug can have different pharmacokinetic effects

A

True

46
Q

(T/F) Dexmedetomidine is the dextro-enantiomer of medetomidine

A

True

47
Q

Glucose rotates to the right and is also known as ______

A

Dextrose

48
Q

Fructose rotates to the left and was formerly known as ______

A

Levulose

49
Q

The phenomenon of enantiomers tilting polarized light in opposite directions is known as _________

A

Optical activity

50
Q

Is a racemic mixture or drug optically active?

A

No

(since racemic mixtures contain both enantiomers, the opposite rotation cancels each other out, leaving a (+-) mixture that is not optically active)

51
Q

(T/F) Bupivacaine is a racemic mixture

A

True

52
Q

This drug is a R(-) enantiomer of 1-propyl-2’6’-pipecoloxylidide

A

Ropivacaine

53
Q

This drug is a S(-) enantiomer of 1-butyl-2’6’-pipecoloxylidide

A

Levobupivacaine

54
Q

(T/F) Lipids are hydrophobic

A

True

55
Q

What are the two categories of lipids

A

Saponifiable & nonsaponifiable

56
Q

Name the 3 saponifiable lipids

A

triglycerides
waxes
phospholipids

57
Q

Name the 3 nonsaponifiable lipids

A

steroids
prostaglandins
fat-soluble vitamins

58
Q

These type of lipids are esters composed of glycerin and fatty acids

A

Glycerides

59
Q

1 fatty acid + glycerin

A

Monoglyceride

60
Q

2 fatty acids + glycerin

A

Diglycerides

61
Q

3 fatty acids + glycerin

A

Triglycerides

62
Q

__________ are more commonly called fats or oils

A

Triglycerides

63
Q

A _____ is a triglyceride that comes from animal sources, has a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids, and is a solid at room temperature

A

Fat

64
Q

An _____ is a triglyceride that generally comes from plant sources, contains a larger percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, and is a liquid at room temperature

A

Oil

65
Q

_________ are long-chained carboxylic acids.

A

Fatty acids

66
Q

Naturally occurring fatty acids always have an ______ number of carbon atoms

A

Even

67
Q

________ fatty acids have carbon chains that contain only carbon–carbon single bonds

A

Saturated

68
Q

________ fatty acids have carbon chains that contain at least one carbon–carbon double bond

A

Unsaturated

69
Q

__________ fatty acids have one carbon–carbon double bond in the chain

A

Monounsaturated

70
Q

__________ fatty acids have two or more double bonds in the carbon chain

A

polyunsaturated

71
Q

Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids have the ____ double-bond configuration

A

cis

72
Q

The cis double-bond configuration means what?

A

Both H are on the same side of the double-bond

73
Q

Saponification means “_____ forming”

A

Soap

74
Q

Since triglycerides are esters, they can undergo a reaction called saponification, which is hydrolysis by aqueous _____________

A

sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

75
Q

Most detergents are derived from ________

A

triglycerides

76
Q

_________ are similar in structure to the glycerides, except that one of the fatty acid residues has been replaced by a phosphate ester group

A

Phospholipids

77
Q

This type of lipid is common in cellular membranes because of its surfactant properties

A

Phospholipids

78
Q

__________ can form barriers to separate the aqueous cytoplasm from the aqueous extracellular fluid while facilitating the transport of ionic and polar materials through the membrane

A

phospholipids

79
Q

Phosphatidylcholine, also known as _______, is a typical phospholipid

A

lecithin

80
Q

Characterized by (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene) three 6-membered rings fused to 5-membered ring

A

Steroids

81
Q

Some common ______ include cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone

A

steroids

82
Q

Cholesterol is transported in the blood as a _________, which is an aggregate of water-soluble proteins, cholesterol, and other lipids, including tri-glycerides

A

lipoprotein

83
Q

_______ are denser than _______, so the ratio of protein to lipid determines the classification of the lipoprotein

A

Proteins

Lipids

84
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have a _______ protein-to-lipid ratio than low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

Greater

85
Q

High levels of _____ are indicative of potential heart problems, not because of a different form of cholesterol, but because they are more likely to dump their load of cholesterol into the arteries, leading to plaque formation and atherosclerosis

A

LDL

86
Q

Sex hormones are _______

A

Steroids

87
Q

Cortisol and aldosterone are _______

A

steroids

88
Q

__________ are powerful, but short-lived, hormones in mammalian systems that were first isolated from seminal fluid

A

Prostaglandins

89
Q

The name prostaglandins is derived from “____________”

A

Prostate gland

90
Q

Prostaglandins are synthesized in vivo from an _________ fatty acid called arachidonic acid

A

unsaturated

91
Q

The identifying structural feature of a ___________ is a five-membered ring with a seven-carbon side chain, R7 (often ending in a carboxylic acid group) adjacent to an eight-carbon chain, R8

A

prostaglandin

92
Q

____________ play a key role in the generation of the inflammatory response

A

Prostaglandins

93
Q

This type of lipid allows the transport of ionic and polar materials through the membrane

A

phospholipids

AFN Chem & Physics (21 decks)

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