Module 4

Question 1

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 1

law of conservation of energy (cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred)

Question 2

0th Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 2

If A & B, and A & C are in thermal equilibrium (same temperature) then B & C will be in thermal equilibrium

Question 3

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 3

Entropy (universal trend towards equilibrium) ex. Heat flows from high temp to low temp until equilibrium is reached

Question 4

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 4

absolute zero (absence of all energy) = 0 K or -273.15 C or -460 F

Question 5

Measurement of thermal state of object

Answer 5

Temperature

Question 6

Energy that is transferred as a result of temperature difference, aka the measurement of the flow of energy

Answer 6

Heat

Question 7

3 phases of thermoregulation

Answer 7

Afferent response –> central regulation –> efferent response

Question 8

Conscious sensing of thermal state

Answer 8

Afferent responses

Question 9

Involuntary responses of thermoregulation

Answer 9

Efferent responses

Question 10

Inefficient efferent response that is absent in infants (up to 7yrs old)

Answer 10

Shivering

Question 11

Shivering increases O2 consumption by up to ___%

Answer 11

400%

Question 12

Normal difference between core and peripheral temperature

Answer 12

2-4 C

Question 13

Efficient efferent response

Answer 13

Vasoconstriction

Question 14

In infants, the process of non-shivering thermogenesis consist of beta receptors causing _____ to generate heat

Answer 14

lipolysis

Question 15

Normothermia

Answer 15

37 C

Question 16

Hypothermia

Answer 16

< 36 C

Question 17

Hyperthermia

Answer 17

> 38 C

Question 18

Monitor core temp with general anesthesia longer than ___ minutes

Answer 18

30 minutes

Question 19

Maintain core temp of > _____

Answer 19

> 36 C

Question 20

Heat released from body due to outside environment being cold

Answer 20

Radiation

Question 21

Heat released from body due to airflow

Answer 21

Convection

Question 22

Heat released from body due to contact with cold surfaces

Answer 22

Conduction

Question 23

Heat released from body due to moisture on skin or airway

Answer 23

Evaporation

Question 24

1st leading cause of heat loss in OR

Answer 24

Radiation

Question 25

2nd leading cause of heat loss in OR

Answer 25

Convection

Question 26

Responsible for 1/5th of heat loss in OR

Answer 26

Evaporation

Question 27

OR atmospheric conditions leads to a drop of __ to __ degrees C/hr

Answer 27

0.5 - 1 C

Question 28

Vasodilation related to anesthesia leads to a drop of __ to __ degrees C

Answer 28

1-2 C

Question 29

MAC of volatile anesthetics are decrease by ___% per drop in degree C

Answer 29

5%

Question 30

Maintain OR temp > ___ C to help maintain normothermia

Answer 30

23 C

Question 31

3 ways to prevent hypothermia

Answer 31

• pre-op cutaneous warming
• airway heating/humidification
• warm IV fluids
• keep OR >23C

Question 32

3 possible risks of hypothermia

Answer 32

• Increased O2 consumption
• Increased CV/MI events
• Increased sickling w/ sickle cell disease
• Impaired coagulation (platelet disfunction)
• Decreased drug metabolism
• Increased wound infection risks
• Reduced MAC of volatile anesthetics

Question 33

What is the metric unit for work?

Answer 33

Joules