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AFN Chem & Physics > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Homogenous mixture that contains one or more solutes uniformly dispersed in a solvent

A

Solution

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2
Q

(T/F) It is possible to determine phase boundaries between components in a solution

A

False

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3
Q

The material dissolved into the solution

A

Solute

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4
Q

The material that does the dissolving

A

Solvent

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5
Q

The amount of solute that will dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature

A

Solubility

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6
Q

In NS, NaCl is the ______

A

Solute

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7
Q

In NS, water is the ______

A

Solvent

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8
Q

Can gases be solutions?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Unit of measurement for solutions that measures the molecules in the substance

A

Moles

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10
Q

What is molarity?

A

The molar concentration of a solution. Measured in mol/L (aka the number of moles of solute per liter of solution)

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11
Q

Units of molarity

A

mol/L

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12
Q

What is the molarity of 1 mol of glucose dissolved in water to give a total volume of 1 L?

A

1 mol/L of glucose

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13
Q

M

A

molarity

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14
Q

m

A

molality

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15
Q

The number of moles of solute per kg of solvent

A

molality

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16
Q

(T/F) Molarity is dependent on temperature

A

True

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17
Q

(T/F) Molality is dependent on temperature

A

False

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18
Q

(T/F) Molality is sometimes equal to molarity

A

False

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19
Q

%w/v

A

Percent by weight to volume

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20
Q

Percent by weight to volume unit of measurement

A

g/100mL

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21
Q

%w/w

A

percent by weight

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22
Q

Percent by weight unit of measurement

A

g/100g

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23
Q

%v/v

A

Percent by volume

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24
Q

An ______ is analogous to a mole

A

Equivalent

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25
Q

______ is analogous to molarity

A

Normality

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26
Q

Eq/L

A

Normality

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27
Q

Eq

A

Equiviliant

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28
Q

_______ is analogous to % concentration

A

Parts per million (ppm)

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29
Q

ppm

A

parts per million

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30
Q

Equal to 1 mole of completely dissociable solute in a solution

A

1 osmole

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31
Q

The number of osmoles per liter of solution

A

Osmolarity

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32
Q

Osm/L

A

Osmolarity

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33
Q

Osm/kg

A

Osmolality

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34
Q

Number of osmoles per kg of solvent

A

Osmolality

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35
Q

(T/F) the solution is not completely saturated if precipitation is visible

A

False

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36
Q

What is a supersaturated solution

A

Solution contains more solute than allowed by the solubility of the solute

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37
Q

Adding more solute does not change the appearance. Is the solution unsaturated or saturated?

A

Unsaturated

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38
Q

What is a saturated solution

A

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute

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39
Q

The amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temp

A

Solubility

40
Q

Kidney stones with excessive calcium oxalate is an example of a ________ solution

A

Supersaturated

41
Q

S = kHP

A

Henry’s Law

42
Q

Henry’s Law

A

As pressure increases, gas solubility increases

43
Q

As pressure increases, gas solubility _______

A

increases

44
Q

Does Henry’s Law apply to all solids and liquids?

A

No

45
Q

Generally, as temperature increases, liquids and solids solubility within liquid solvents tends to _______

A

Increase

46
Q

As temp increases, gas solubility

A

Decreases

47
Q

As temp increases, vapor pressure _______

A

Increases

48
Q

As temp decreases, gas solubility ______

A

Increases

49
Q

As vapor pressure increases, gas solubility

A

Decreases

50
Q

Why does mannitol crystalize when stored in cold temps?

A

Because generally decreasing temperatures decrease the solubility of solids and liquids, and the solution becomes supersaturated. When reheated, the crystals will re-dissolve due to the increase in solubility.

51
Q

_______ properties of a solution that depend only on the number of solute particles

A

Colligative

52
Q

As solute concentration increases, vapor pressure ______

A

Decreases

53
Q

As solute concentration increases, the boiling point ______

A

Increases

54
Q

As solute concentration increases, the freezing point ______

A

Decreases

55
Q

As solute concentration increases, osmotic pressure ______

A

Increases

56
Q

_______ results from the most energetic molecules near the surface of a liquid escaping into the gas phase in a closed container

A

Vapor pressure

57
Q

This is the surface of the liquid where it touches gas

A

Gas:liquid interface

58
Q

Molecules with strong intermolecular forces have a ____ VP

A

Low

59
Q

Molecules with weak intermolecular forces have a ____ VP

A

High

60
Q

The temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the ambient pressure

A

Boiling point

61
Q

Boiling point of a liquid is _______ related to its volatility

A

inversely

62
Q

The lower the boiling point, the _____ the volatility

A

higher

63
Q

The energy required to transform molecules from the liquid phase to the vapor phase

A

Latent heat of vaporization (aka heat)

64
Q

(T/F) At lower temperatures, less energy/heat is required for vaporization

A

False

65
Q

________ has an increased latent heat of vaporization, requiring an external heat source

A

Desflurane

66
Q

This explains if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the position of equilibrium moves to counteract the change

A

LeChatelier’s Principle

67
Q

An increase in pressure of the system shifts towards ____ moles of gas

A

fewer

68
Q

A decrease in pressure of the system shifts towards ____ moles of gas

A

more

69
Q

Increase in temperature of the system yields ______ vapor pressure

A

increased

70
Q

Decrease in temperature of the system yields ______ vapor pressure

A

decreased

71
Q

At a constant temp, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid interface

A

Henry’s Law

72
Q

Hypothermic pt = _____ onset and emergence of volatile anesthetics

A

slow

73
Q

Volatile anesthetics are ______ at room temperature and atmospheric pressure

A

liquids

74
Q

Non-quantitative term to describe the tendency of a liquid to evaporate

A

Volatility

75
Q

Devices that facilitate the change of the liquid anesthetic agent into the vapor phase

A

Vaporizers

76
Q

(T/F) Anesthesia vaporizers can be used with different anesthetic agents interchangeably.

A

False

77
Q

(T/F) Anesthesia vaporizers have color & filling connectors specific to each agent.

A

True

78
Q

What does variable bypass mean?

A

There are 2 chambers in the vaporizer
1 for vaporizing
1 for a bypass (this helps maintain specific pressures and concentrations in the vaporizing chamber)
The ratio of these two chambers are variable in relation to concentration and flow rates

79
Q

(T/F) Modern anesthesia vaporizers are temperature compensated

A

True

80
Q

What does it mean when the vaporizer circuit is “out of circuit”?

A

The vaporizer circuit is separate from the breathing circuit

81
Q

Desflurane must be heated to ___ C and pressurized to _____ mmHg to create an environment to provide lower and predictable volatility

A

39C

1500mmHg

82
Q

What are the 3 “real” reasons why desflurane has to have its own vaporizer?

A
  • the excessively high rate of evaporation (aka volatility) requires much higher rates of diluting gas (bypass chamber) flow vs normal vaporizers
  • the high rate of evaporation causes substantial anesthetic cooling, needing a more powerful external heat source to compensate
  • the low boiling point is that of warmer OR climates, requiring a precise bypass chamber to control the evaporation and dosages given

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/desflurane

83
Q

When a higher VP agent is used in a vaporizer designed for a lower VP agent, the concentration delivered to the pt. will be ______

A

Higher

because the bypass chamber is designed for a lower VP and lower rate of dilution

84
Q

When a lower VP agent is used in a vaporizer designed for a higher VP agent, the concentration delivered to the pt. will be ______

A

Lower

because the bypass chamber is designed for a higher VP and higher rate of dilution

85
Q

The name of the specific vaporizer designed for desflurane is the _______

A

Tech 6

86
Q

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

87
Q

the relative concentration of solutes in osmotic system

A

Tonicity

88
Q

What type of solution is LR?

A

Isotonic

89
Q

What type of solution is Plasmalyte?

A

Isotonic

90
Q

What type of solution is 3% NS?

A

Hypertonic

91
Q

What type of solution is 0.45% NS?

A

Hypotonic

92
Q

Colloids _____ osmotic pressure

A

increase

93
Q

Albumin is what type of solution?

A

Colloid

94
Q

Dextran is what type of solution?

A

Colloid

95
Q

Hetastarch is what type of solution?

A

Colloid

AFN Chem & Physics (21 decks)

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