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AFN Chem & Physics > Module 12 > Flashcards

Module 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition- heat transfer involving electromagnetic waves

A

Radiation

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2
Q

All objects emit energy via _____

A

Radiation

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3
Q

_______ _____ are produced when charged particles are accelerated

A

Electromagnetic waves

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4
Q

Electromagnetic waves are composed of….

A

Mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields

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5
Q

________ ______ have properties of both waves and particles but are neither waves nor particles

A

Electromagnetic waves

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6
Q

At what speed do all electromagnetic waves move at the same speed through a vacuum?

A

(C) the speed of light (3.00x10^8 m/s)

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7
Q

C= the speed of light=

A

3x10^8 m/s

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8
Q

Wavelength;

A

Distance required for wave to repeat itself (meters), distance between peaks and troughs

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9
Q

Period (T):

A

Time required for a wave to repeat itself (seconds)

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10
Q

Frequency (f):

A

Number of wave cycles that occur in 1 second (Hz)

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11
Q

This determines the energy of radiation, and therefore the potential for cellular damage

A

Frequency

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12
Q

Velocity

A

(Meters/second)

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13
Q

Name the four electromagnetic wave properties

A

Wavelength (m), period (s), frequency (hz), velocity (m/s)

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14
Q

Frequency & wavelength are ______ proportional

A

Inversely

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15
Q

Increased frequency = _________ wavelength

A

Shorter

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16
Q

Increased frequency = ________radiation

A

Increased

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17
Q

Decreased frequency = _________ wavelength

A

Longer

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18
Q

Decreased frequency= ________ radiation

A

Lower

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19
Q

Law of energy conservation (equation)

A

E=mc^2

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20
Q

Law of energy conservation

A

Amount of energy In the universe if constant, cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted (ie from matter to energy and vice versa)

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21
Q

Atomic mass number (A):

A

An integer equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus

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22
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons. Determines the element

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23
Q

Nucleon

A

Describes both neutrons & protons in the nucleus (atomic particles)

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24
Q

This is the general description of an atom- defined by atomic number, number of neutrons, and energy state of the nucleus

A

NUCLIDE

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25
Q

Isotope

A

Nuclides with same Z but with different N and A.

Identical electron configuration with similar chemical properties

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26
Q

Isotone

A

Nuclides with the same number N but different Z.

Different element with different chemical properties

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27
Q

Radionuclides

A

Nuclides that decay

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28
Q

Most Nuclides are ______ stable and _____ by splitting apart

A

Not

Decay

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29
Q

Nuclides emit ________ and/or _________ ________

A

Subatomic particles

Electromagnetic radiation

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30
Q

When ______ forces exceed ______ forces, the nucleus is unstable leading to _______ ________.

A

Repulsive
Attractive
Radioactive decay

31
Q

Nucleus must balance _______ & _______ forces

A

Attractive

Repulsive

32
Q

Repulsive forces=

A

Protons that repel each other

33
Q

Strong nuclear force binds ______ together

A

Nucleons

34
Q

Attractive nuclear force only successful over ________ distances

A

Very short distances

So short they are almost in contact

35
Q

Radionuclides:

A

Nuclides that decay

36
Q

Radioactive decay;______ process of an ____ nucleus moving from a level of _______ energy to one of ______ energy

A

Spontaneous
Unstable
Higher
Lower

37
Q

Radioactive is decay achieved by several means ; list 3

A

Fragmentation (fission)
Emission Of subatomic particles
Emission of electromagnetic radiation

38
Q

5 types of decay (in this lecture)

A 
Alpha
Beta (-)
Positron
Electron capture 
Gamma ray
39
Q

Alpha decay

A

Emission of alpha particles by parent nucleus



40
Q

Beta (-) decay

A

Radioactive decay process in which the nucleus emits an electron

41
Q

Positron decay

A

1 anti- electron (+ charge but same mass as an electron) is decayed
A proton turns into a neutron and releases a positively charged positron

42
Q

Positron

A

Anti-particle of electron
Basic example of antimatter
(Identical mass but opposite charge of corresponding particle)

43
Q

Electron capture decay

A

A competing process to positron decay, results in an increase in neutron to proton ratio in the nucleus. (A nucleus in an excited state can D excite and emit a photon of electromagnetic radiation called a gamma ray)
An electron turns a proton into a neutron

44
Q

Official SI unit of decay rate

A

Becquerel (Bq)

45
Q

Decay rate is equal to the # of ______ __________ per unit time

A

Radioactive decay/disintegration

46
Q

Historical unit of decay, much larger than (Bq), still in use today

A

Curie (Ci)

47
Q

Decay rate depends on two factors-

A

Quantity of material

Decay constant, which is unique to each nucleotide

48
Q

______-______ (t 1/2) is a measurement tool for radioactive decay

A

Half-life

49
Q

Half life (t 1/2) is defined as ….

A

The time required for an initial number of atoms to decay such that only half of the initial number of atoms remain

50
Q

Relationship between Half life and decay constant

A

t 1/2 X ¥ = 0.693

51
Q

Why do we need half life measurements?

A

Because the decay of a single radio nuclide in a large collection of atoms is not readily predictable and can have enormous variation

52
Q

Name the three types of radioactive materials

A

Primordial radionuclides
Cosmogenic radionuclides
Anthropogenic radionuclides

53
Q

Primordial radionuclides…

A

Exist since the earliest times of earth and solar system
Very long half lives
Ex EXCELLENT time measurement tools due to known half lives and decay properties

54
Q

Cosmogenic radionuclides

A

Formed when radiation from space interacts with matter

Ex Carbon dating 

55
Q

Anthropogenic radionuclides

A

Occur in the environment as a result of human activity

Ex. Nuclear medicine, electricity generated by nuclear power stations, nuclear weapons testing

56
Q

What type of radioactive material uses of carbon dating

A

Cosmogenic radionuclides

57
Q

This type of radioactive material is excellent time measurement tool due to its known half life and decay properties

A

Primordial radionuclides

58
Q

Examples of this radioactive material are nuclear medicine and electricity generated by nuclear power stations and nuclear weapons testing

A

Anthropogenic radionuclides

59
Q

Low energy photons can be absorbed by matter resulting in an increase in internal energy

A

Non-ionizing radiation

60
Q

Examples of non-ionizing radiation

A

Microwave, infrared, visible and ultraviolet

61
Q

This type of radiation is defined by its lack of sufficient energy to remove electrons so no ions are formed

A

Non-ionizing radiation

62
Q

Harmful effects of UV radiation

A

Skin cancer and cataracts

63
Q

Definition: Sufficient energy per photon or particle to remove electrons from atoms or molecules

A

Ionizing radiation

64
Q

What type of radiation is most destructive and can result in Cell DNA damage, chromosome changes, and/or malignant growth

A

Ionizing radiation

65
Q

Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays

A

Ionizing radiation (aka all have sufficient energy per photon or particle to remove electrons from atoms or molecules)

66
Q

High energy photons released from electron transitions involving the innermost or core electrons

A

X rays

67
Q

High energy photons produced from transition of electrons from higher quantum energy level to a lower quantum energy level

A

Gamma rays

68
Q

Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau

A

Different types of cells display varying sensitivity to ionizing radiation

69
Q

What 3 factors affect radiation on biological system

A

Type of radiation
Exposure level
Type of biological material

70
Q

Definition: Biological effects due to radiation exposure ranging from repairable damage, permanent damage, up to cell death

A

Somatic effects

71
Q

Definition: Cell damage involved with reproduction can result a mutation Passed on to future generations

A

Genetic effects

72
Q

Products of radiation interaction with the water inside our bodies (majority of cell)

A

Ions, free radicals, atoms and molecules in excited states

73
Q

Two types of cells that are most sensitive to radiation…

A

Rapidly dividing cells (gonads, fetus, lens of eye) AND cells that are not replaced (ovaries, cns)

Both exhibit enhanced sensitivity to radiations

AFN Chem & Physics (21 decks)

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