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Certified Medical Assistant > Module 8: Microbiology > Flashcards

Module 8: Microbiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

microbiology

A

the study of living forms only visible under a microscope

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2
Q

cell membrane

A
  • the thin outermost structure of human cells
  • selectively permeable
  • within cell wall in bacterial cells
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3
Q

cell wall

A
  • the outermost layer of bacterial cells
  • maintains shape and protects
  • gram-positive or gram-negative
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4
Q

which bacterial cell structure do antibiotics target

A
  • cell wall
  • gram-positive or gram-negative
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5
Q

nucleus

A
  • inside cell near the center
  • largest organelle
  • controls cell functions
  • contains chromosomes made of DNA
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6
Q

nuclear membrane

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • surrounds nucleus
  • pores allow larger compounds to move in and out of nucleus
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7
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • inside of cell
  • contains other organelles
  • water, proteins, ions, nutrients
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8
Q

ribosome

A
  • protein synthesis
  • support protein chains as RNA builds them
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9
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of passageways for moving substances within cytoplasm
  • tough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface area
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes
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10
Q

mitochondrion

A
  • gives cells energy
  • may have one or more per cell
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11
Q

lysosome

A
  • digests waste products within the cell
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12
Q

centriole

A
  • cylindrical shaped
  • cell division; divides chromosomes equally
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13
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • synthesizes carbs
  • sorts proteins the ribosome is supporting
  • some storage functions prior to preparing substances for removal from cells
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14
Q

peroxisome

A
  • contains enzymes
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15
Q

flagellum

A
  • tail-like appendage
  • allows cells to move in swimming motion
  • sperm
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16
Q

cilia

A
  • hair-like projections
  • move substances through tracts and paths in the body
  • some mucous membranes (respiratory tract) have cilia
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17
Q

bacteria

A
  • single-celled
  • reproduce rapidly
  • cause many infections
  • survive without other living tissue
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18
Q

bacteria classified based on

A
  • shape
  • cell wall structure
  • chemical stains
  • aerobic or anaerobic growing conditions
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19
Q

coccus

A
  • round shaped bacteria
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20
Q

spirillum

A
  • spiral-shaped bacteria
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21
Q

vibrio

A
  • bacteria shaped like a comma
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22
Q

bacillus

A
  • rod-shaped bacteria
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23
Q

rickettsiae

A
  • bacteria that live and grow only inside other living things
24
Q

antibiotics resistance

A
  • overuse of antibiotics
  • methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  • vancomycin-resistant enterococci
25
Q

first word in bacteria naming

A
  • microorganisms genus (biological classification between family and species)
26
Q

second word in bacteria naming

A
  • microorganisms species
27
Q

virus

A
  • require living tissue to survive and grow
  • are parasites
28
Q

how do viruses infect the body

A
  • attach to host cells
  • genetic material takes control of host cell
  • may attack immediately or lay dormant and attack later
29
Q

viral mutation

A
  • chang during replication
  • hard to build immunity
30
Q

fungi

A
  • grows on or in animals and plants
  • most do not normally cause disease
31
Q

what type of infections do fungi tend to cause

A
  • superficial infections
  • athlete’s foot, vaginal yeast infection
32
Q

single-celled fungi

A
  • yeasts
33
Q

multi-cell fungi

A
  • spore-producing molds
34
Q

useful functions of fungi

A
  • source of antibiotics
35
Q

what type of microorganism is Pneumocystis carinii

A
  • has some properties of fungi and some of protozoa
36
Q

protozoa

A
  • single-celled parasite
  • can be microscopic or large enough to see without a microscope
  • replicate rapidly in living hosts
37
Q

where do protozoa thrive

A
  • damp environments
  • bodies of standing water
  • ponds, lakes
38
Q

nonpathogens

A
  • microorganisms that are helpful or do not cause disease
39
Q

probiotics

A
  • microorganisms that promote health
  • usually bacteria
  • may be helpful for digestive disorders
40
Q

food products containing probiotics

A
  • yogurt
  • sauerkraut
  • kimchi
41
Q

pathogen

A
  • microorganisms that cause infectious disease
42
Q

normal flora

A
  • microorganisms usually present in the body
  • overgrowth can result in infection
43
Q

fomites

A
  • pathogen-carrying objects
  • countertops, water bottles, pencil
44
Q

vector

A
  • animal needed to transmit infection
45
Q

chain of infection

A
  • infectious agent
  • reservoir host
  • portal of exit
  • mode of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host
46
Q

what does effective infection control do

A
  • break chain of infection
47
Q

where does hand hygiene break the chain of infection

A
  • infectious agent
48
Q

infectious agent

A
  • pathogen causing disease
49
Q

reservoir host

A
  • infects and multiplies to infect others
50
Q

portal of exit

A
  • blood, body fluids, feces, breath, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, wounds
51
Q

mode of transmission

A
  • direct: contact with infected person or body fluids
  • indirect: via contaminated objects, vectors, fomites; only possible for pathogens that can survive outside host
52
Q

portal of entry

A
  • way to get into body
  • inhalation, absorption, ingestion
53
Q

susceptible host

A
  • people
  • organism that feels effects of infectious disease
54
Q

conditions for growth

A
  • moisture
  • warmth
  • oxygen
  • food
  • time
55
Q

routes of transmission

A
  • droplet
  • direct contact
  • fecal-oral
  • bloodborne
  • sexual
  • airborne
  • vector

Certified Medical Assistant (40 decks)

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