Module 8: Microbiology Flashcards
microbiology
the study of living forms only visible under a microscope
cell membrane
- the thin outermost structure of human cells
- selectively permeable
- within cell wall in bacterial cells
cell wall
- the outermost layer of bacterial cells
- maintains shape and protects
- gram-positive or gram-negative
which bacterial cell structure do antibiotics target
- cell wall
- gram-positive or gram-negative
nucleus
- inside cell near the center
- largest organelle
- controls cell functions
- contains chromosomes made of DNA
nuclear membrane
- nuclear envelope
- surrounds nucleus
- pores allow larger compounds to move in and out of nucleus
cytoplasm
- inside of cell
- contains other organelles
- water, proteins, ions, nutrients
ribosome
- protein synthesis
- support protein chains as RNA builds them
endoplasmic reticulum
- network of passageways for moving substances within cytoplasm
- tough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface area
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes
mitochondrion
- gives cells energy
- may have one or more per cell
lysosome
- digests waste products within the cell
centriole
- cylindrical shaped
- cell division; divides chromosomes equally
golgi apparatus
- synthesizes carbs
- sorts proteins the ribosome is supporting
- some storage functions prior to preparing substances for removal from cells
peroxisome
- contains enzymes
flagellum
- tail-like appendage
- allows cells to move in swimming motion
- sperm
cilia
- hair-like projections
- move substances through tracts and paths in the body
- some mucous membranes (respiratory tract) have cilia
bacteria
- single-celled
- reproduce rapidly
- cause many infections
- survive without other living tissue
bacteria classified based on
- shape
- cell wall structure
- chemical stains
- aerobic or anaerobic growing conditions
coccus
- round shaped bacteria
spirillum
- spiral-shaped bacteria
vibrio
- bacteria shaped like a comma
bacillus
- rod-shaped bacteria
rickettsiae
- bacteria that live and grow only inside other living things
antibiotics resistance
- overuse of antibiotics
- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- vancomycin-resistant enterococci
first word in bacteria naming
- microorganisms genus (biological classification between family and species)
second word in bacteria naming
- microorganisms species
virus
- require living tissue to survive and grow
- are parasites
how do viruses infect the body
- attach to host cells
- genetic material takes control of host cell
- may attack immediately or lay dormant and attack later
viral mutation
- chang during replication
- hard to build immunity
fungi
- grows on or in animals and plants
- most do not normally cause disease
what type of infections do fungi tend to cause
- superficial infections
- athlete’s foot, vaginal yeast infection
single-celled fungi
- yeasts
multi-cell fungi
- spore-producing molds
useful functions of fungi
- source of antibiotics
what type of microorganism is Pneumocystis carinii
- has some properties of fungi and some of protozoa
protozoa
- single-celled parasite
- can be microscopic or large enough to see without a microscope
- replicate rapidly in living hosts
where do protozoa thrive
- damp environments
- bodies of standing water
- ponds, lakes
nonpathogens
- microorganisms that are helpful or do not cause disease
probiotics
- microorganisms that promote health
- usually bacteria
- may be helpful for digestive disorders
food products containing probiotics
- yogurt
- sauerkraut
- kimchi
pathogen
- microorganisms that cause infectious disease
normal flora
- microorganisms usually present in the body
- overgrowth can result in infection
fomites
- pathogen-carrying objects
- countertops, water bottles, pencil
vector
- animal needed to transmit infection
chain of infection
- infectious agent
- reservoir host
- portal of exit
- mode of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
what does effective infection control do
- break chain of infection
where does hand hygiene break the chain of infection
- infectious agent
infectious agent
- pathogen causing disease
reservoir host
- infects and multiplies to infect others
portal of exit
- blood, body fluids, feces, breath, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, wounds
mode of transmission
- direct: contact with infected person or body fluids
- indirect: via contaminated objects, vectors, fomites; only possible for pathogens that can survive outside host
portal of entry
- way to get into body
- inhalation, absorption, ingestion
susceptible host
- people
- organism that feels effects of infectious disease
conditions for growth
- moisture
- warmth
- oxygen
- food
- time
routes of transmission
- droplet
- direct contact
- fecal-oral
- bloodborne
- sexual
- airborne
- vector
