Module 6: Body Structures and Organ Systems Flashcards
1
Q
smallest living unit in the body
A
cells
2
Q
order of body structures
A
cell - tissue - organ - organ system
3
Q
anatomical position
A
- standing erect
- facing forward
- arms at side
- palms forward
- legs parallel
- toes forward
4
Q
superior
A
- cranial
- above, closer to head
5
Q
inferior
A
- caudal
- below, closer to feet
6
Q
anterior
A
- ventral
- toward front of body
7
Q
posterior
A
- dorsal
- toward back of body
8
Q
medial
A
- closer to midline of body
9
Q
lateral
A
- further from midline of body
10
Q
proximal
A
- close to trunk of body
11
Q
distal
A
- further from trunk of body
12
Q
superficial
A
- closer to surface of body
13
Q
deep
A
- further from surface of body
14
Q
when are body planes frequently used
A
radiographic studies
15
Q
sagittal plane
A
- divides body into left and right sides
- midsagittal: equal division along midline
16
Q
transverse plane
A
- divided body into upper and lower sections
17
Q
frontal plane
A
- coronal plane
- divided body into anterior and posterior sections
18
Q
cranial cavity
A
- within cranium
- meninges (brain)
19
Q
spinal cavity
A
- continuation of cranial cavity as it travels down midline of the back
20
Q
thoracic cavity
A
- within chest
- lungs, heart, major vessels
21
Q
abdominal cavity
A
- within abdomen
- several major organs
22
Q
pelvic cavity
A
- inferior to abdominal cavity
- bladder
23
Q
body quadrants
A
- RUQ
- LUQ
- RLQ
- LLQ
24
Q
nine body regions
A
- right hypochondriac
- epigastric
- left hypochondriac
- right lumbar
- umbilical
- left lumbar
- right iliac
- hypogastric
- left iliac
25
skin
- integumentary system
- protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, vitamin D production
26
largest organ
skin
27
hair follicles
- integumentary system
- generate hair
28
sebaceous (oil) glands
- integumentary system
- produce sebum to keep hair/skin soft
- prevent bacteria from growing on skin
29
fingernails and toenails
- integumentary system
- protect ends of fingers and toes
30
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- integumentary system
- produce sweat to cool body
31
epidermis layer
- integumentary system
- outermost epithelial tissue
- covers external surface of body
32
dermis layer
- integumentary system
- thick
- beneath dermis
- contains arteries, veins, nerves
33
subcutaneous layer
- integumentary system
- loose connective tissue
- adipose tissue and lipocytes
34
axial skeleton
- 80 bones
- skull, vertebrae, ribs
35
appendicular skeleton
- 126 bones
- arms, legs, pelvic girdle
36
ligament
- attaches bone to bone
- joint stability
37
purpose of the skeletal system
- give body structure and posture
- protect soft internal organs
- attachment points for muscles
- producing new blood cells in red bone marrow
- store calcium
38
hematopoiesis
- producing new blood cells
- takes place in red bone marrow within bones
39
long bones
- have epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity
- covered by articular cartilage to allow for frictionless joint movement
- femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius
40
where is yellow bone marrow
- medullary cavity in long bones
41
short bones
- wrists and ankles
- small and round
- carpals, tarsals
42
flat bones
- flat or slightly curved surface area
- skull, ribs
43
irregular bones
- unusual shape related to function
- vertebrae, pelvis
44
sesamoid bones
- small and round
- in joints
- held by tendons
- patella
45
skeletal muscle
- body movement
- aka: voluntary muscle or striated muscle
46
smooth muscle
- walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, the iris of the eye
- involuntary muscle
47
cardiac muscle
- only in the heart
- cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from top and bottom to pump blood
48
tendon
- ends of skeletal muscles
- attach muscle to bone
49
lymph nodes
- lymphatic system
- small glandular structures
- concentrated in neck, axilla, groin
- produce and store lymphocytes
- home to macrophages that filter lymph
50
lymph nodules
- lymphatic system
- masses of lymphoid tissue
- macrophages and lymphocytes
- not encapsulated like lymph nodes
51
thymus
- lymphatic system
- posterior to sternum
- large in children and shrinks after adolescence
- production and maturation of T-cells
52
spleen
- lymphatic system
- largest lymphoid organ
- upper left abdominal quadrant
- home to macrophages that filter blood
53
interstitial fluid
- lymphatic system
- tissue fluid between cells
- called lymph after collected and filtered
54
which body system begins activating the body's defenses when a pathogen is detected
lymphatic system
55
antibody
- immune system
- protein body creates in response to specific antigens
56
immunoglobulins
- immune system
- antibodies
57
B-cells
- immune system
- type of lymphocyte
- recognizes antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells
- create antibodies
58
T-cells
- immune system
- type of lymphocyte
- recognize antigens and attach to them to attack invading cells directly
59
Monocytes
- immune system
- engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies
60
naturally acquired active immunity
- has disease and develops antibodies against pathogen
- antibodies with memory that prevent further infections by the same pathogen
61
artificially acquired active immunity
- vaccine
- antibodies activated and develop memory
62
naturally acquired passive immunity
- short-lasting
- mother to child through placenta and breast milk
63
artificially acquired passive immunity
- short-lasting
- giving exposed person antibodies from a person who has had the disease
64
heart
- cardiovascular system
- within mediastinum
- pump to move blood through body
65
artery/arteriole
- cardiovascular system
- thick-walled vessels
- carry blood away from heart
- associated with various pulse points on body
66
vein/venule
- cardiovascular
- carry blood toward heart
- thinner-walled than arteries
- valves to prevent backflow
67
capillary
- cardiovascular system
- smallest blood vessels
- connect arterioles to venules
- aid in oxygen and nutrient exchange between blood and body cells
68
endocardium
- innermost layer of heart
- lines atria, ventricles, heart valves
69
myocardium
- muscular layer of heart
70
pericardium
- outermost layer of heart
- membrane surrounds heart and secretes pericardial fluid
71
blood flow through heart
- superior/inferior vena cava supply deoxygenated blood
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary valve
- pulmonary artery to lungs where gas exchange occurs
- pulmonary veins supply oxygenated blood
- left atrium
- bicuspid (mitral) valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta branches off and carries blood to body
72
systemic circulation
- vessels in the body as a whole
73
pulmonary circulation
- vessels going to, within, and coming from the lungs
74
where the electrical impulse is generated in the heart
- sinoatrial (SA) node
- aka pacemaker of the heart
75
electrical flow in heart, cardiac cycle
- SA node (pacemaker)
- AV node (gatekeeper)
- bundle of His
- Purkinje fibers
76
kidneys
- urinary system
- either side of vertebral column at top lumbar vertebrae
- remove waste from blood
- produce urine
77
ureters
- urinary system
- long tubes
- carry urine from kidneys to bladder
78
urinary bladder
- urinary system
- small muscular sac within pelvic cavity
- stores urine
79
urethra
- urinary system
- carries urine from bladder to outside of body
80
mouth (oral cavity)
- gastrointestinal system
- initiates digestion
- mechanical (chewing)
- chemical (saliva)
81
pharynx (gastrointestinal)
- gastrointestinal system
- throat
- between oral cavity and esophagus
82
esophagus
- gastrointestinal system
- muscular tube
- connects mouth to stomach
- wave-like contraction (peristalsis)
83
stomach
- gastrointestinal system
- LUQ
- receives and breaks down food
- rugae
84
small intestine
- gastrointestinal system
- absorption of nutrients
- sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
85
large intestine
- gastrointestinal system
- aka colon
- absorption completed
- feces formed
- sections: cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
86
rectum
- gastrointestinal system
- end of colon
- stores feces until defecation
87
anus
- gastrointestinal system
- end of rectum
- opens to outside
88
liver
- gastrointestinal system
- RUQ
- produces bile to break down fats
89
gallbladder
- gastrointestinal system
- inferior to liver
- stores bile
- connects to duodenum
90
pancreas
- gastrointestinal system
- posterior to stomach
- connects to duodenum
- produces enzymes that aid with digestion
91
respiration
- breathing
- moving air in and out of lungs
92
external respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within lungs
93
internal respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within hemoglobin of RBC
94
nose
- respiratory system
- made of bones, cartilage, skin
- small hairs (cilia) prevent large particles from entering
95
pharynx (respiratory)
- respiratory system
- where air moves after nose
96
larynx
- respiratory system
- superior to trachea
- produces person's voice
97
trachea
- respiratory system
- aka windpipe
- extends from larynx and branches into bronchi
- lined with cilia
98
lungs
- respiratory system
- contain bronchi, alveoli, and blood vessels
- surrounded by pleural membrane
99
which lung is larger
- right: three lobes
- left: two lobes
100
brain
- nervous system
- coordinates most body activities
- thought, emotion, judgment
- four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
101
spinal cord
- nervous system
- pathway for nerve impulses
- through vertebral column
102
peripheral nerves
- nervous system
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- carries nerve signals between body and brain
103
neuron
- nervous system
- functional unit of nervous system
104
dendrites
- nervous system
- have multiple branching structures
105
nucleus
- nervous system
- direct cellular activities
106
cytoplasm
- nervous system
- produce neurotransmitters and energy for neuron
107
axon
- nervous system
- stores neurotransmitters
108
central nervous system (CNS)
- brain, spinal cord
109
peripheral nervous system
- peripheral nerves
110
branches of PNS
- somatic nervous system: controls voluntary muscles
- automatic nervous system: controls automatic functions like breathing and digestion
111
afferent neurons
- carry info about body's environment to CNS
112
efferent neurons
- carry responses from CNS to body to initiate action
113
branches of automatic nervous system
- sympathetic: "fight or flight"
- parasympathetic: returns body to rest after stress is resolved, maintains homeostasis
114
hormones
chemicals used by the body to increase or decrease activity of the hormone's target cells
115
exocrine glands
release hormones into duct for delivery to target cells
116
endocrine glands
release hormones directly into bloodstream
117
hormones of adrenal glands and their functions
- aldosterone: regulates electrolytes and fluid volume
- cortisol: regulates carbs
- epinephrine: fight or flight response
- norepinephrine: vasoconstrictor
118
hormones of hypothalamus and their functions
- antidiuretic hormone: reabsorption of water in kidneys
- oxytocin: uterine contractions during labor, release of breast milk
119
hormones of ovaries and their functions
- estrogen: development of secondary sex characteristics in females, regulates menses
- progesterone: prepares body for pregnancy
120
hormones of pancreas and their functions
- glucagon (alpha cells): increase blood sugar
- insulin (beta cells): decrease blood sugar
121
hormone of parathyroid gland and its function
- parathyroid hormone: regulates calcium
122
hormone of pineal gland and its function
- melatonin: regulates onset of puberty, biological clock
123
hormones of anterior pituitary gland and their functions
- growth hormone: body growth
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone: skin pigment
- adrenocorticotropic hormones: regulate adrenal cortex
- thyroid-stimulating hormone: regulates thyroid gland
- follicle-stimulating hormone: growth of ova and sperm
- luteinizing hormone: ovulation and testosterone production
- prolactin: ovulation and testosterone production
124
function of posterior pituitary gland
release hormones produced by hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
125
hormone of testes and its function
- testosterone: sperm production, secondary sex characteristics in males
126
hormone of thymus and its function
- thymosin: development of cells in immune system
127
hormones of thyroid gland and their functions
- T3 and T4: cellular metabolism
- Calcitonin: increase bone calcium
128
testes
- male reproductive system
- produce sperm and testosterone
- within scrotum
129
penis
- male reproductive system
- moves urine and semen out of body
130
epididymis
- male reproductive system
- superior to each teste
- maturation of sperm cells
131
vas deferens
- male reproductive system
- connects epididymis to urethra
132
seminal vesicles
- male reproductive system
- secrete seminal fluid that stimulates muscle contractions in female reproductive organs to propel sperm forward
133
prostate gland
- male reproductive system
- surrounds proximal urethra
- contracts during ejaculation to aid in moving sperm forward
- secrets fluid that protects sperm within vagina
134
bulbourethral glands (cowper's glands)
- male reproductive system
- inferior to prostate gland
- secrete fluid to lubricate end of penis
135
androgens
- male reproductive system
- group of male sex hormones
136
testosterone
- male reproductive system
- most abundant and biologically active of male sex hormones
137
ovaries
- female reproductive system
- produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone
138
fallopian tubes
- female reproductive system
- muscular tubes connects ovaries and uterus
- receives egg during ovulation
139
uterus
- female reproductive system
- hollow muscular organ
- receives fertilized egg that implants in uterine wall for fetal development
- if nonpregnant, uterine lining sloughs off monthly
140
cervix
- female reproductive system
- lower portion of uterus
- barrier between uterus and vagina
- dilates during childbirth
141
vagina
- female reproductive system
- uterus to outside of body
- expands during intercourse and childbirth
142
labia majora
- female reproductive system
- folds of skin and adipose tissue that protect other external female genitalia
143
labia minora
- female reproductive system
- folds of skin within labia major
- high blood concentration
- forms hood over clitoris
144
clitoris
- female reproductive system
- highly sensitive female erectile tissue
145
perineum
- female reproductive system
- area between vagina and anus
146
estrogen
- female reproductive system
- group of female sex hormones
147
progesterone
- female reproductive system
- hormone secreted by ovaries
148
estradiol
- female reproductive system
- most abundant and biologically active female hormone
149
homeostasis
- body system and biological processes maintain stability
- primarily nervous system and endocrine system are responsible
