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Certified Medical Assistant > Module 6: Body Structures and Organ Systems > Flashcards

Module 6: Body Structures and Organ Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

smallest living unit in the body

A

cells

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2
Q

order of body structures

A

cell - tissue - organ - organ system

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3
Q

anatomical position

A
  • standing erect
  • facing forward
  • arms at side
  • palms forward
  • legs parallel
  • toes forward
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4
Q

superior

A
  • cranial
  • above, closer to head
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5
Q

inferior

A
  • caudal
  • below, closer to feet
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6
Q

anterior

A
  • ventral
  • toward front of body
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7
Q

posterior

A
  • dorsal
  • toward back of body
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8
Q

medial

A
  • closer to midline of body
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9
Q

lateral

A
  • further from midline of body
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10
Q

proximal

A
  • close to trunk of body
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11
Q

distal

A
  • further from trunk of body
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12
Q

superficial

A
  • closer to surface of body
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13
Q

deep

A
  • further from surface of body
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14
Q

when are body planes frequently used

A

radiographic studies

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15
Q

sagittal plane

A
  • divides body into left and right sides
  • midsagittal: equal division along midline
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16
Q

transverse plane

A
  • divided body into upper and lower sections
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17
Q

frontal plane

A
  • coronal plane
  • divided body into anterior and posterior sections
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18
Q

cranial cavity

A
  • within cranium
  • meninges (brain)
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19
Q

spinal cavity

A
  • continuation of cranial cavity as it travels down midline of the back
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20
Q

thoracic cavity

A
  • within chest
  • lungs, heart, major vessels
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21
Q

abdominal cavity

A
  • within abdomen
  • several major organs
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22
Q

pelvic cavity

A
  • inferior to abdominal cavity
  • bladder
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23
Q

body quadrants

A
  • RUQ
  • LUQ
  • RLQ
  • LLQ
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24
Q

nine body regions

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • epigastric
  • left hypochondriac
  • right lumbar
  • umbilical
  • left lumbar
  • right iliac
  • hypogastric
  • left iliac
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25
Q

skin

A
  • integumentary system
  • protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, vitamin D production
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26
Q

largest organ

A

skin

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27
Q

hair follicles

A
  • integumentary system
  • generate hair
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28
Q

sebaceous (oil) glands

A
  • integumentary system
  • produce sebum to keep hair/skin soft
  • prevent bacteria from growing on skin
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29
Q

fingernails and toenails

A
  • integumentary system
  • protect ends of fingers and toes
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30
Q

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A
  • integumentary system
  • produce sweat to cool body
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31
Q

epidermis layer

A
  • integumentary system
  • outermost epithelial tissue
  • covers external surface of body
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32
Q

dermis layer

A
  • integumentary system
  • thick
  • beneath dermis
  • contains arteries, veins, nerves
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33
Q

subcutaneous layer

A
  • integumentary system
  • loose connective tissue
  • adipose tissue and lipocytes
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34
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • 80 bones
  • skull, vertebrae, ribs
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35
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • 126 bones
  • arms, legs, pelvic girdle
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36
Q

ligament

A
  • attaches bone to bone
  • joint stability
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37
Q

purpose of the skeletal system

A
  • give body structure and posture
  • protect soft internal organs
  • attachment points for muscles
  • producing new blood cells in red bone marrow
  • store calcium
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38
Q

hematopoiesis

A
  • producing new blood cells
  • takes place in red bone marrow within bones
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39
Q

long bones

A
  • have epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity
  • covered by articular cartilage to allow for frictionless joint movement
  • femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius
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40
Q

where is yellow bone marrow

A
  • medullary cavity in long bones
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41
Q

short bones

A
  • wrists and ankles
  • small and round
  • carpals, tarsals
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42
Q

flat bones

A
  • flat or slightly curved surface area
  • skull, ribs
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43
Q

irregular bones

A
  • unusual shape related to function
  • vertebrae, pelvis
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44
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • small and round
  • in joints
  • held by tendons
  • patella
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45
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • body movement
  • aka: voluntary muscle or striated muscle
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46
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, the iris of the eye
  • involuntary muscle
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47
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • only in the heart
  • cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from top and bottom to pump blood
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48
Q

tendon

A
  • ends of skeletal muscles
  • attach muscle to bone
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49
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • lymphatic system
  • small glandular structures
  • concentrated in neck, axilla, groin
  • produce and store lymphocytes
  • home to macrophages that filter lymph
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50
Q

lymph nodules

A
  • lymphatic system
  • masses of lymphoid tissue
  • macrophages and lymphocytes
  • not encapsulated like lymph nodes
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51
Q

thymus

A
  • lymphatic system
  • posterior to sternum
  • large in children and shrinks after adolescence
  • production and maturation of T-cells
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52
Q

spleen

A
  • lymphatic system
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • upper left abdominal quadrant
  • home to macrophages that filter blood
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53
Q

interstitial fluid

A
  • lymphatic system
  • tissue fluid between cells
  • called lymph after collected and filtered
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54
Q

which body system begins activating the body’s defenses when a pathogen is detected

A

lymphatic system

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55
Q

antibody

A
  • immune system
  • protein body creates in response to specific antigens
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56
Q

immunoglobulins

A
  • immune system
  • antibodies
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57
Q

B-cells

A
  • immune system
  • type of lymphocyte
  • recognizes antigens and responds by turning into plasma cells
  • create antibodies
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58
Q

T-cells

A
  • immune system
  • type of lymphocyte
  • recognize antigens and attach to them to attack invading cells directly
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59
Q

Monocytes

A
  • immune system
  • engulf and destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies
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60
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A
  • has disease and develops antibodies against pathogen
  • antibodies with memory that prevent further infections by the same pathogen
61
Q

artificially acquired active immunity

A
  • vaccine
  • antibodies activated and develop memory
62
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A
  • short-lasting
  • mother to child through placenta and breast milk
63
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A
  • short-lasting
  • giving exposed person antibodies from a person who has had the disease
64
Q

heart

A
  • cardiovascular system
  • within mediastinum
  • pump to move blood through body
65
Q

artery/arteriole

A
  • cardiovascular system
  • thick-walled vessels
  • carry blood away from heart
  • associated with various pulse points on body
66
Q

vein/venule

A
  • cardiovascular
  • carry blood toward heart
  • thinner-walled than arteries
  • valves to prevent backflow
67
Q

capillary

A
  • cardiovascular system
  • smallest blood vessels
  • connect arterioles to venules
  • aid in oxygen and nutrient exchange between blood and body cells
68
Q

endocardium

A
  • innermost layer of heart
  • lines atria, ventricles, heart valves
69
Q

myocardium

A
  • muscular layer of heart
70
Q

pericardium

A
  • outermost layer of heart
  • membrane surrounds heart and secretes pericardial fluid
71
Q

blood flow through heart

A
  • superior/inferior vena cava supply deoxygenated blood
  • right atrium
  • tricuspid valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary valve
  • pulmonary artery to lungs where gas exchange occurs
  • pulmonary veins supply oxygenated blood
  • left atrium
  • bicuspid (mitral) valve
  • left ventricle
  • aortic valve
  • aorta branches off and carries blood to body
72
Q

systemic circulation

A
  • vessels in the body as a whole
73
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • vessels going to, within, and coming from the lungs
74
Q

where the electrical impulse is generated in the heart

A
  • sinoatrial (SA) node
  • aka pacemaker of the heart
75
Q

electrical flow in heart, cardiac cycle

A
  • SA node (pacemaker)
  • AV node (gatekeeper)
  • bundle of His
  • Purkinje fibers
76
Q

kidneys

A
  • urinary system
  • either side of vertebral column at top lumbar vertebrae
  • remove waste from blood
  • produce urine
77
Q

ureters

A
  • urinary system
  • long tubes
  • carry urine from kidneys to bladder
78
Q

urinary bladder

A
  • urinary system
  • small muscular sac within pelvic cavity
  • stores urine
79
Q

urethra

A
  • urinary system
  • carries urine from bladder to outside of body
80
Q

mouth (oral cavity)

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • initiates digestion
  • mechanical (chewing)
  • chemical (saliva)
81
Q

pharynx (gastrointestinal)

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • throat
  • between oral cavity and esophagus
82
Q

esophagus

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • muscular tube
  • connects mouth to stomach
  • wave-like contraction (peristalsis)
83
Q

stomach

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • LUQ
  • receives and breaks down food
  • rugae
84
Q

small intestine

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • absorption of nutrients
  • sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
85
Q

large intestine

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • aka colon
  • absorption completed
  • feces formed
  • sections: cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
86
Q

rectum

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • end of colon
  • stores feces until defecation
87
Q

anus

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • end of rectum
  • opens to outside
88
Q

liver

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • RUQ
  • produces bile to break down fats
89
Q

gallbladder

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • inferior to liver
  • stores bile
  • connects to duodenum
90
Q

pancreas

A
  • gastrointestinal system
  • posterior to stomach
  • connects to duodenum
  • produces enzymes that aid with digestion
91
Q

respiration

A
  • breathing
  • moving air in and out of lungs
92
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within lungs

93
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within hemoglobin of RBC

94
Q

nose

A
  • respiratory system
  • made of bones, cartilage, skin
  • small hairs (cilia) prevent large particles from entering
95
Q

pharynx (respiratory)

A
  • respiratory system
  • where air moves after nose
96
Q

larynx

A
  • respiratory system
  • superior to trachea
  • produces person’s voice
97
Q

trachea

A
  • respiratory system
  • aka windpipe
  • extends from larynx and branches into bronchi
  • lined with cilia
98
Q

lungs

A
  • respiratory system
  • contain bronchi, alveoli, and blood vessels
  • surrounded by pleural membrane
99
Q

which lung is larger

A
  • right: three lobes
  • left: two lobes
100
Q

brain

A
  • nervous system
  • coordinates most body activities
  • thought, emotion, judgment
  • four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
101
Q

spinal cord

A
  • nervous system
  • pathway for nerve impulses
  • through vertebral column
102
Q

peripheral nerves

A
  • nervous system
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • carries nerve signals between body and brain
103
Q

neuron

A
  • nervous system
  • functional unit of nervous system
104
Q

dendrites

A
  • nervous system
  • have multiple branching structures
105
Q

nucleus

A
  • nervous system
  • direct cellular activities
106
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • nervous system
  • produce neurotransmitters and energy for neuron
107
Q

axon

A
  • nervous system
  • stores neurotransmitters
108
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • brain, spinal cord
109
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • peripheral nerves
110
Q

branches of PNS

A
  • somatic nervous system: controls voluntary muscles
  • automatic nervous system: controls automatic functions like breathing and digestion
111
Q

afferent neurons

A
  • carry info about body’s environment to CNS
112
Q

efferent neurons

A
  • carry responses from CNS to body to initiate action
113
Q

branches of automatic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic: “fight or flight”
  • parasympathetic: returns body to rest after stress is resolved, maintains homeostasis
114
Q

hormones

A

chemicals used by the body to increase or decrease activity of the hormone’s target cells

115
Q

exocrine glands

A

release hormones into duct for delivery to target cells

116
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones directly into bloodstream

117
Q

hormones of adrenal glands and their functions

A
  • aldosterone: regulates electrolytes and fluid volume
  • cortisol: regulates carbs
  • epinephrine: fight or flight response
  • norepinephrine: vasoconstrictor
118
Q

hormones of hypothalamus and their functions

A
  • antidiuretic hormone: reabsorption of water in kidneys
  • oxytocin: uterine contractions during labor, release of breast milk
119
Q

hormones of ovaries and their functions

A
  • estrogen: development of secondary sex characteristics in females, regulates menses
  • progesterone: prepares body for pregnancy
120
Q

hormones of pancreas and their functions

A
  • glucagon (alpha cells): increase blood sugar
  • insulin (beta cells): decrease blood sugar
121
Q

hormone of parathyroid gland and its function

A
  • parathyroid hormone: regulates calcium
122
Q

hormone of pineal gland and its function

A
  • melatonin: regulates onset of puberty, biological clock
123
Q

hormones of anterior pituitary gland and their functions

A
  • growth hormone: body growth
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone: skin pigment
  • adrenocorticotropic hormones: regulate adrenal cortex
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone: regulates thyroid gland
  • follicle-stimulating hormone: growth of ova and sperm
  • luteinizing hormone: ovulation and testosterone production
  • prolactin: ovulation and testosterone production
124
Q

function of posterior pituitary gland

A

release hormones produced by hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

125
Q

hormone of testes and its function

A
  • testosterone: sperm production, secondary sex characteristics in males
126
Q

hormone of thymus and its function

A
  • thymosin: development of cells in immune system
127
Q

hormones of thyroid gland and their functions

A
  • T3 and T4: cellular metabolism
  • Calcitonin: increase bone calcium
128
Q

testes

A
  • male reproductive system
  • produce sperm and testosterone
  • within scrotum
129
Q

penis

A
  • male reproductive system
  • moves urine and semen out of body
130
Q

epididymis

A
  • male reproductive system
  • superior to each teste
  • maturation of sperm cells
131
Q

vas deferens

A
  • male reproductive system
  • connects epididymis to urethra
132
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • male reproductive system
  • secrete seminal fluid that stimulates muscle contractions in female reproductive organs to propel sperm forward
133
Q

prostate gland

A
  • male reproductive system
  • surrounds proximal urethra
  • contracts during ejaculation to aid in moving sperm forward
  • secrets fluid that protects sperm within vagina
134
Q

bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)

A
  • male reproductive system
  • inferior to prostate gland
  • secrete fluid to lubricate end of penis
135
Q

androgens

A
  • male reproductive system
  • group of male sex hormones
136
Q

testosterone

A
  • male reproductive system
  • most abundant and biologically active of male sex hormones
137
Q

ovaries

A
  • female reproductive system
  • produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone
138
Q

fallopian tubes

A
  • female reproductive system
  • muscular tubes connects ovaries and uterus
  • receives egg during ovulation
139
Q

uterus

A
  • female reproductive system
  • hollow muscular organ
  • receives fertilized egg that implants in uterine wall for fetal development
  • if nonpregnant, uterine lining sloughs off monthly
140
Q

cervix

A
  • female reproductive system
  • lower portion of uterus
  • barrier between uterus and vagina
  • dilates during childbirth
141
Q

vagina

A
  • female reproductive system
  • uterus to outside of body
  • expands during intercourse and childbirth
142
Q

labia majora

A
  • female reproductive system
  • folds of skin and adipose tissue that protect other external female genitalia
143
Q

labia minora

A
  • female reproductive system
  • folds of skin within labia major
  • high blood concentration
  • forms hood over clitoris
144
Q

clitoris

A
  • female reproductive system
  • highly sensitive female erectile tissue
145
Q

perineum

A
  • female reproductive system
  • area between vagina and anus
146
Q

estrogen

A
  • female reproductive system
  • group of female sex hormones
147
Q

progesterone

A
  • female reproductive system
  • hormone secreted by ovaries
148
Q

estradiol

A
  • female reproductive system
  • most abundant and biologically active female hormone
149
Q

homeostasis

A
  • body system and biological processes maintain stability
  • primarily nervous system and endocrine system are responsible

Certified Medical Assistant (40 decks)

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