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Dental Hygiene II > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is necessary for optimum oral health at all ages?

A

fluoride

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2
Q

By what 2 means is fluoride made available at the tooth surface?

A

systemically and topically

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3
Q

how is the tooth surface exposed to fluoride systemically?

A

by way of the circulation to developing teeth

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4
Q

what is preeruptive exposure?

A

systemic exposure

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5
Q

how is the tooth surface exposed to fluoride topically?

A

directly to the exposed surfaces of erupted teeth

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6
Q

what is the posteruptive exposure?

A

Topical exposure

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7
Q

What can be swallowed during toothe development to provide both preeruptive exposure and posteruptive exposure to teeth currently erupted?

A

topically applied fluoride

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8
Q

Epidemiologic evidence shows maximum caries inhibiting effect what there is what?

A
  • systemic exposure before tooth eruption

- frequent topical exposure throughout life

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9
Q

What is fluoride and how do we get it?

A

systemic nutrient taken into the body by way of water, dietary supplements, foods

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10
Q

How is fluoride adsorbed?

A

rapidly, by passive diffusionin the stomach as hydrogen fluoride

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11
Q

What does the rate of adsorbtion of fluoride depend on?

A

the solubility of the fluoride compound and its gastric acidity

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12
Q

How long does it take fluoride to be adsorbed?

A

60 minutes

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13
Q

What happens to the fluoride that isnt adsorbed in the stomach?

A

it will be adsorbed by the small intestine

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14
Q

When is there less adsorbtion of fluoride?

A

when it is taken with mik and other food

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15
Q

WHat carries the fluoride in the blood stream?

A

plasma

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16
Q

What does the plasma carry the fluoride for?

A

distribution and elimination throughout the body

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17
Q

When are maximum blood levels of fluoride reached in the body?

A

within 30 minutes of intake

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18
Q

What is fluoride distributed by and where to?

A

plasma, all tissues and organs

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19
Q

What does fluoride have a strong affinity for?

A

calcified tissues

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20
Q

Where are concentrations of fluorides the highest?

A

at the surfaces next to the tisse fulid supplying the fluoride

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21
Q

fluoride is stored as an integral part of what

A

the crystal lattice of teeth and bones

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22
Q

When can fully matured fluoride depositied during development be altered?

A

by cavitated dental caries, erosion, or mechanical abrasion

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23
Q

Where is most fluoride excreted?

A

kidneys

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24
Q

where is the smaller amount of fluoride excreted?

A

sweat of glands and in the feces

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25
Q

Is there transfer of fluoride from plasma to breast milk?

A

it is very limited

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26
Q

When and where is fluoride depositied during formation of the enamel

A

it starts at the DEJ, after the enamel matrix is laid down by the ameloblasts

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27
Q

Fluoride is incorporated directly in the the what?

A

hydroxyapetite crystalline structure

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28
Q

What does preeruptive fluoride result in?

A

shallower occlusal grooves

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29
Q

When do first permanent molars begin to mineralize?

A

at birth

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30
Q

how is fluoride available to developing teeth?

A

by way of the blood plasma to the tissues surrounding tooth buds

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31
Q

What is dental fluorosis?

A

form of hypomineralization that results from systeminc ingestion of an excess amount of fluoride during tooth development

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32
Q

When is the enamel highly receptive to free fl2 ions?

A

mineralization

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33
Q

Is dental fluorosis a result of a cumulative or threshold amount of fl2

A

cumulative

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34
Q

What does the excess fluoride cause the ameloblasts do?

A

inhibits the ameloblasts, results in discontinuty of crystal growth

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35
Q

after mineralization is complete and before eruption what coninues in the surface of the enamel

A

fluoride deposition

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36
Q

where is fluoride taken up in the preeruptive/maturation stage?

A

it is taken up from the nutrient tissue fluids surrounding the tooth crown

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37
Q

during what period is more fluoride aquired by the outer surface of enamel than the underlying layers of enamel druing mineralization

A

preeruptive: maturation stage

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38
Q

children who are exposed to fluoride for ____________ before eruption have the greatest amt of fl2 during the preeruptive stage

A

first 2 years

39
Q

What is the posteruptive stage?

A

after eruption and throughout the lifespan of the teeth

40
Q

What is the outermost surface of the enamel most dependent on?

A

topical fluoride

41
Q

What are examples of topical fl2?

A

water, dentifrices, mouth rinse

42
Q

Fl2 on the outermost surface of the enamel available for

A

inhibiting demineralizaton and enhancing remineralization

43
Q

What can the continuous presence of fluoride ihibit?

A

initiation and and progression of dental caries

44
Q

When is uptake most rapid on the enamel surfacw

A

during the first years after eruption

45
Q

What does the uptake of fluoride depend on?

A

the level of fl2 in the oral environment

46
Q

what adsorbes fluoride in greater quantities?

A

hypomineralized enamel

47
Q

What has a greater concentration of fl2 than sound enamel?

A

demineralized enamel that has been remineralized

48
Q

The fluoride in exposed dentin is _______ than in enamel

A

greater

49
Q

Where is the higher concentration of fluoride in dentin?

A

pulpal or inner surface wher e exhange takes place

50
Q

newly formed dentin adsorbs fluoride_____

A

rapidly

51
Q

The level of fluoride in cementum is

A

________

52
Q

the level of fluoride in cementum _______ with age

A

increases

53
Q

When is fluoride available to cementum?

A

when the root surface is exposed

54
Q

What are resivors for fluoride?

A

biofilm and saliva

55
Q

How does fluoride ehance remineralizatoin?

A

adsorbing to the crystal surface and attrating calcium and phosphate ions

56
Q

how much fluoride is in dental biofilm?

A

5 to 50 ppm

57
Q

what does fluoride interfere with?

A

growth and metabolism of bacteria

58
Q

what is enolase?

A

an enzyme neded by bacteria to metabolize carbohydrates

59
Q

how does fluoride inhibit bacterial activity?

A

inhibits enolase

60
Q

What is fluoridation?

A

adjustment of the natural fl2 ion content of water supply to the optiumum physiologic concentration that will maximize caries prevention and limit enamel fluorosis

61
Q

What is the most efficent means of effective reliable and inexpensive means for improving and maintaining oral health

A

fluoridation

62
Q

What has fluoridation been named as?

A

one of the 10 most significant pubilc health measures of the 20th century

63
Q

What is the annual const per person per year of fluoridation?

A

$.54-3.44

64
Q

What did Dr. frederick S. Mckay do?

A

did studies to find the cause of brown stains that he observed in the people of colorado springs

65
Q

what is the other name for the brown stain?

A

mottled enamel and now dental fluorosis

66
Q

What did dr. HV Churchill do??

A

pinpointed fluorin as the spoecivic element Dr. Mckay had been observing clinically

67
Q

What did Dr. H Trendly Dean do?

A

concluded that the level of fluoride in the water optimum for dental caries prevention averages 1ppm in moderate climiates and fluorosis is over 2ppm

68
Q

what is associated with over 2ppm of fl2 in the water?

A

dental fluorosis

69
Q

When were the first communities fluoridated?

A

1945

70
Q

What was the first city to be fluoridated?

A

Grand Rapid Michigan

71
Q

What city where they had natrual fluoide was used to compare the benefits of natural with citys with fluoridation

A

Aurora, Illinois

72
Q

What are some of the frist fluoridated cities?

A

grand rapids, michigan
newburgh, new york
brantford, ontario
evanston, illinois

73
Q

What were some of the control cities?

A

Muskegon, Michigan
Kingston, NY
Sarnia, Ontario
Oak Park, Illinois

74
Q

What is the optiumum concentration of Fl2 in warmer climates?

A

.7ppm

75
Q

what is the optimum fl2 concentration in colder climates?

A

1.2 ppm

76
Q

WHat is the number that is used for all communities?

A

.7 ppm

77
Q

What are the sources of fl2?

A

naturally occuring, and from mining

78
Q

what are examples of fl2

A

fluorspar, cryolite, apetite

79
Q

What are the criteria for acceptance of a fluoride compound for fluoridation?

A

solubility, inexpensive, readily available

80
Q

What compounds are used in fluoridation

A

Dry- sodium fluoride, sodium silicon fluoride

Liquid- hydrofluoricsilicic acid

81
Q

What do teeth exposed to an optiumum or slighly higher level of fluoride appear as?

A

white, shining, opaque and without blemishes

82
Q

When the fl2 level is slightly more than optiumum exposed developing teeth may exhibit ____

A

mile enamel fluorosis seen as white areas in bands or flecks

83
Q

The majority of fluorosis that we see is _____

A

mild

84
Q

the reduction in caries due to water fluoridation alone among adults is____

A

27%

85
Q

what teeth recieve most protection from fluoride?

A

anterior maxillary teeth because it is contacted by drinking water

86
Q

Is root caries prevalence less in lifelong residence of a fluoridated community?

A

Yes, by 50%

87
Q

How much does fluoridation from birth reduce caries by?

A

40% in primary teeth

88
Q

Tooth loss due to dental caries is much______ in both primary and permanent teeth without fluoride

A

greater

89
Q

What are the good effects of fluoride on perio health?

A
  • improved bone density, no carious leisons to harbor bacteria for perio, fewer teeth are lost to perio
90
Q

What is partial defluoridation?

A

communites have excess fluoride in their water

91
Q

what do the teeth look like in partial defluoridation?

A

very hard and brittle

92
Q

What is school fluoridation?

A

benefits children in communities that cant have community fluoridation and they add fluoride to the schools water system

93
Q

What is discontinued fluoridation?

A

fl2 is removed from a community water supply that had dental caries conrol

94
Q

Where did they remove fl2 because of anti-fluoridationists and the community voted it back in

A

antigo wisconsin in 1966 was reinstated

Dental Hygiene II (19 decks)

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