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Dental Hygiene II > Module 16 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Module 16 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is benin

A

not malignant

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2
Q

what is malignant

A

tending to become progressively worse, and to result in death, having the properites of anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis, said of tumors

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3
Q

what does cancer refer to

A
  • group of neoplastic diseases in which there is transformation of normal cells into malignant ones
  • as cancer cells proliferate, the mass of abnormal tissue that is formed enlarges until it takes over the host site then it metastasizes
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4
Q

how are cancers classified

A
  • origin of the tissue involved: carcinoma (epithelial tissue), sarcomas (conn. tissue))
  • type of cell from which they arise
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5
Q

what are characteristics of benin neoplasms

A
  • resemble normal cells
  • tumor grows by expansion and doesnt infiltrate
  • slow
  • doesnt metastasize
  • doesnt recurr
  • localized
  • doesnt usually cause tissue damage
  • doesnt usually cause death
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6
Q

what are characteristics of a malignant neoplasm

A
  • bears little resemblance to normal cells
  • tumor grows at the periphery and sends out processes that inflitrate
  • rapid growth
  • gains access to blood and lymph
  • recurs when removed
  • generalized effects
  • extensive tissue damabe
  • usually causes death unless controlled
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7
Q

what are risk factors for cancer

A

tobacco, alcohol, sunlight, environmental/occupational, viruses (epstein barr- burketts lymphoma, Hep C liver cancer, HPV) socioeconomic

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8
Q

what are the most common types of cancer in men

A

prostate, lung and bronchus, colon and rectum

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9
Q

what are the most common types of cancer in women

A

-breast, lung and bronchus, colon and rectum

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10
Q

what is chemotherapy

A

involves the use of drugs that affect the rapidly dividing cancer cell at different points in the cell cycle

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11
Q

what are the objectives of chemotherapy

A
  • destroy cancer cells, prevent metastasizing
  • prevent cancer from recurring
  • provide and improved quality of life
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12
Q

what are indications of chemotherapy

A
  • eliminate tumor too large for surgery
  • treat cancer that has metastasized
  • prevent from reoccurence
  • make tumor easier to surgically remove
  • extend life
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13
Q

what are the types of agents used for chemotherapy

A

-alkylating agents, antibiotics, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, steroids/hormones

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14
Q

what are the side effects of chemotherapy

A

-alopecia
-mylosupression
-immunosuppression
-nausea, vomiting, diarhha
loss of apetite
GI mucositis

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15
Q

what are the oral complications of chemotherapy

A
  • oral mucositis/stomatitis
  • xeriostomia
  • infections:bacterial, viral (herpes simplex, vaicella zoster, cytomegalovirus), fungal (candida albicans)
  • bleeding
  • neurotoxicity (mimics T.A)
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16
Q

what is radiation?

A

uses ionizing radiation to treat cancer, impacts the cancer cells ability to replicate and survive, cant be used on all tumors,

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17
Q

what are indications for radiation

A
  • treat a small localized tumor
  • shrink a large tumor
  • assist chemo
  • prevent spread of cancer
  • prevent recurrence of cancer
  • provide symptom/pain relief
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18
Q

what are the two types of radiation

A

external beam and internal

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19
Q

what is external beam radiation

A

-applied outside the body

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20
Q

what is internal radiation

A

-source of the radiation is placed within the body, less radiation is delivered to the surrounding tissues

21
Q

what does the dose of radiation depend on?

A

type of tumor, tx goals, ablity to tolerate

22
Q

what is the approximate dose of radiation given

A

3,000 to 7,000 centigreys, divided into equal doses per day

23
Q

what are the systemic effects of radiation

A
  • skin reactions- looks like a bad sunburn
  • fatigue
  • nausea, vomitting, diarhhea, constipation
24
Q

what are the oral complications of radiation

A
  • mucositis/stomatitis
  • xerostomia
  • taste loss
  • radiation caries
  • infection
  • trismus
  • osteoradionecrosis
25
Q

what is a hematopoietic cell transplantation

A
  • used to treat a varitety of blood diseases, including leukemia
  • purpose is to substitute blood stem cells or bone marrow from a healthy, compatible donor to replace the dieseased bone marrow of the patient
26
Q

what are 3 types of transplants

A
  • autolgous- self
  • allogenic- matched donor
  • syngenic- identical twin
27
Q

what are the indications for a transplant

A

-patient not responsive to chemo alone, relapse occurs after one or more remission

28
Q

what is evaluated for a transplant

A

medical and dental assessments to ensure patient is free of infection, and pysically able to undergo

29
Q

where is the bone marrow aspiriated from

A

iliac crest, ribs, or sternum

30
Q

how is the patient prepared to recieve a bone marrow graft

A
  • high dose immunosupressive regiment, chemo or total body radiation
  • to kill malignant cells
31
Q

how long does it take for the new marrow to function after a transplant

A

10 to 20 days

32
Q

what is the immune recovery from a transplant? long term?

A

3 to 12 months, 1-3 years

33
Q

what is acute graft vs host disease

A

-t lymphocytes see the host cell antigens as foreign and react against the host tissue

34
Q

what are symptoms of host vs graft disease

A
  • during first 100 days
  • painful red skin rash
  • severe persistent diarhhea
  • jaundice
35
Q

what are oral complications of acute graft vs host disease

A

oral mucositis: 10-14 days post transplant
xerostomia
viral and fungal infections

36
Q

what is chronic graft vs host disease

A

-affects all organs of the body, can appear up to 2 years post transplant

37
Q

what are oral complications of chronic graft vs host disease

A

-oral mucosits
-oral infection, perio infection
-xeriostomia
poor OH

38
Q

what are the objectives of oral health and cancer

A
  • asses for any infection
  • eliminate sources of infection
  • instruct pt in preventive oral care measures
39
Q

what should you do with a patient who is going to recieve radiaion

A
  • monitor personal daily care
  • once daily fl2 gel
  • monitor for trismus
  • instruct pt to exercise opening and closing mouth 3 times per day
40
Q

what should you do in tx after radiation therapy

A
  • first 6 mo, non surgical perio therapy
  • reinforce personal OH
  • after mucositis subsides, talk to MD about when to make dentures
  • watch for trismus, demineralization, caries
  • advise against oral surgery on irradiatied bone
41
Q

what does the extent of oral complications of chemotherapy depend on

A
  • degree of infection present
  • drugs used and their dosages
  • concurrent radiation therapy
  • pts personal OH
42
Q

During chemotherapy before invasive work is completed what does the platelet and neutrophil count need to bw

A
  • platelet more than 50,000 mm3

- neutrophil more than 1,000 mm3

43
Q

should you premed if completing work during chem

A

yes

44
Q

what should you watch for after the hematopoietic cell transplantation

A
  • watch for oral infections
  • monitor oral health
  • delay elective dental procedures for 1 year
  • follow for long term complication
  • follow for second malignancies in oral region
45
Q

how soon should oral surgery procedures be completed in a patient who is going to undergo cancer therapy

A

at least 2 weeks prior

46
Q

what should you instruct your pt about daily biofilm removal

A

-gently brush with an extrasoft tb every meal and at bedtime, floss gently

47
Q

what should you instruct your pt about mouthrinsing

A
  • every 2 to 3 hours while awake with baking soda and water

- avoid alcohol containing mouthrinses

48
Q

what should you instruct your patient about xerostomia

A
  • sip on water
  • suck on ice chips
  • saliva substitute
  • avoid lemon glycerine swabs
  • avoid hot spicy salty or sharp food
  • moisten food
49
Q

what should you instruct your pt about oral pain managment

A

-swish gargle and spit a capful of prescribed mouthrinse containing topical anesthetic 30 min before eating

Dental Hygiene II (19 decks)

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