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Dental Hygiene II > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main action of ultrasonic and sonic scalers?

A

mechanical

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2
Q

what other factors of ultrasonics and sonics play a role in debridement

A

irrigation and cavitation

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3
Q

What is the mechanical action of ultra and sonics?

A

-coverts electrical energy or air pressure into high frequency sound waves

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4
Q

What do the sound waves produce?

A

rapid vibrations

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5
Q

What happens to the calculus when sonic or ultrasonics are used?

A

calculus shatters

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6
Q

What is required to dissipate heat produced at the vibrating tip

A

water

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7
Q

what is cavitation

A

action created by formation and collapse of bubbles in the water by high frequency sound waves surrounding an US tip

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8
Q

what is the effect of cavitation?

A

cable of destroying bactera and can remove endotoxins from the root surface

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9
Q

What is irrigation

A

the water spray penetrates base of the pocket and flushes out debris microorganisms and endotoxinx

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10
Q

what is believed to have a disruptive effect on surface bacteria

A

acoustic turbulence

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11
Q

what is the amplitude?

A

distance of tip measured in micrometers

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12
Q

what determines the power output of the instrument

A

the distance of tip/amplitude

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13
Q

what is frequency

A

speed of movement, cycles per second

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of US scaling devices?

A
  • magnetostrictive US

- piezoelectric US

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15
Q

What is the composition of magnetostrictive US scalers?

A
  • conventional magnetostrictive units- long stack of metal strips
  • ferromagnetic units- fragile ferric rod, generates less heat
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16
Q

What is the activation of the magnetostrictive US?

A
  • vibrations occur when electric current is applied

- there is expansion and contraction of metal strips

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17
Q

what is the tip motion of a magnetostrictive US?

A
  • conventional moves in an elliptical pattern

- ferromagnetic rotates 360*

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18
Q

What is the tip shape of a magnetostricive US?

A

round

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19
Q

What is the compositoin of a Piezoelectric US?

A

ceramic rod

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20
Q

What is the activation of a piezoelectric US?

A

dimensional changes in quartz or metal alloy crystal transducers housed in the handpiece

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21
Q

what is the tip motion in piezoelectric US?

A

linear pattern, only forward and backward

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22
Q

what surfaces are active on the tip of a piezoelectric US?

A

lateral surfaces

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23
Q

What is the technique for a piezoelectric US?

A
  • lateral surface of tip in contact w tooth
  • only the terminal 2-3 mm of tip
  • keep lateral surface adapted
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24
Q

what is the tip shape of a piezoelectris US?

A

varies from trapezoidal with angular edges to round to bladed

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25
Q

What is the tip motion in a sonic scaling device?

A
  • driven by compressed air
  • moves in an elliptical
  • all surfaces of tip are active
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26
Q

does a sonic have more or less amplitude than an US?

A

less

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27
Q

Is calculus removal easier or harder with a sonic scaler?

A

harder

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28
Q

What is the water used for in sonic scaling?

A

cool the friction, heat is not generated by tip

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29
Q

What are the indications for use of power driven scalers?

A
  • removal of calc and tenacious stains
  • subgingival perio debridement
  • initial debridement
  • debridement of a furcation, deposits before oral surgery
  • removal of ortho cement and overhanging margins
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30
Q

What are the contraindications for the use of a power driven scaler in people with systemic health conditions?

A
  • communicable disease
  • susceptibility to infection
  • respiratory risk
  • swallowing difficulty
  • cardiac pacemaker
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31
Q

What are the contraindications for the use of a power driven scaler in people with oral conditions?

A
  • avoid demineralized areas
  • exposed dentinal surfaces
  • children
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32
Q

what can vibrations do to children?

A
  • developing tissues are sensitive

- vibrations and heat may cause damage to pulp

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33
Q

What are precautions for using a power driven scaler with restorations?

A
  • porcelain- fracturing, loss of marginal integrity
  • amalgam- surface defects, loss of marginal integrity
  • composite- surface alterations
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34
Q

Should an US be used on titanium implants?

A

yes it can be sued with a specially designed plastic shealth

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35
Q

What are the risk considerations for using a power driven scaler for the clinician?

A
  • cumulative trauma (can help reduce risk of carpal tunnel)

- magnetic fields

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36
Q

What are the risk considerations for using a power driven scaler for the patient?

A

Heat production- may damage pulp if water and moving arent used
-hearing shifts- extended exposure to noise may be damaging

37
Q

What is another name ofr a conventional or standard tip?

A

universal

38
Q

What are universal tips generally used for?

A

-moderate to heavy deposit supra or sub

39
Q

What is periodontal or narrow profile tip used for?

A

better access to subgingival surfaces, superior coverage of deep pockets and furcations

40
Q

magnetostrictive thin tips must be used on what power

A

low to medium

41
Q

piezoelectric thin tips may be used on what power

A

high

42
Q

What kind of narrow profile tips remove calc rapidly

A

beveled and bladed

43
Q

what kind of thin tip are effective for fine scaling and root planing

A

diamond coated tips on low power

44
Q

What is plastic or carbon composite tip used for?

A

to protect vulnerable restorative surfaces such as implants or esthetic materials

45
Q

What is the universal shape of an instrument?

A

slightly curved, to be used throughout dentition

46
Q

what is the contra-angle shape of an instrument?

A
  • curvatures to left and rt to adapt to posterior surfaces of teeth
47
Q

what is the beavertail shape of an instrument?

A

supragingival surfaces for removal of heavy stain, calc and ortho cement

48
Q

What is the thin periodontal shape of an instrument?

A

straight or contra designed for subgingival instrumentation

49
Q

What are the 2 ways water is delivered from an instrument?

A

external, internal

50
Q

What kind of grasp is used in US scaling?

A

modified pen, light grasp

51
Q

What kind of stroke is used in US scaling?

A

moderate to slow pace with a feather-light though to prevent tooth damage

52
Q

What should you do following US scaling?

A

complete the procedure with manual instruments

53
Q

The US scaler without power can be used as what only?

A

a probe

54
Q

With each mm of tip loss there is a corresponding loss of

A

power

55
Q

What happens if your stroke is too rapid?

A

fast movement is ineffective for deposit removal

56
Q

What renders the vibrations ineffective?

A

lateral pressure

57
Q

What do you evaluate in an immediate evaluation?

A

teeth and gingiva

58
Q

What is examined of the teeth in an immediate evaluation?

A

-observation and exploration for a smooth surface

59
Q

what is examined of the gingiva in an immediate evaluation

A

-gingival changes are not apparent immediately after instrumentation

60
Q

When does tissue regeneration and initial healing occur after instrumentation?

A

a few days

61
Q

when can the areas instrumented be probed?

A

2 weeks after

62
Q

what is the objective of tx?

A

create an environment in which the gingival tissue can heal and be maintained in health by the patient

63
Q

What information should be included in printed patient take home instructions?

A
  • possible discomfort to expect
  • rinsing
  • toothbrushing
  • eating
  • where to call in case of a problem
64
Q

What are the solutions suggested for use in rinsing?

A

Hypertonic salt solution

sodium bicarbonate solution

65
Q

what directions are given for rinsing?

A

every 2 hours, after eating, after tb, before retiring

66
Q

what does rinsing with a warm solution do?

A

sooths tissues, improves circulation which helps healing

67
Q

WHen is chlorohexidine indicated following instrumentation?

A

when a patient has, NUG, necrotizing ulcerative perio, and advanced perio

68
Q

What are the recommendations for tb after instrumentation?

A

soft brush is recommended

69
Q

What should a patient eat after having tx?

A
  • anesthesia- avoid solid until it has worn off
  • if tissues are tender avoid strong, spicy seasonings
  • soft or liquid diet if needed
70
Q

What do we hope for after instrumentation?

A

-no bleeding on probing
-lower probe depths
-inflammation resolved
-normal gingiva
-

71
Q

What factors effect healing?

A
  • severity of infection
  • noncompliance of pt
  • tobacco use
  • systemic (diabetes, lowered defense)
  • incomplete debridement
72
Q

What do we see in the resolution of imflammation?

A

edemarecedes, necrotic cells gone, tissue regengeration

73
Q

what do we see in the clinical attachment in healing?

A

long epithelial attachment

74
Q

What are the changes in the subgingival pocket flora?

A

changed from anaerobing gram negitive motile to aerobic gram positive non motile

75
Q

what is the effect of the conversion of microorganisms?

A

they are changed to health producing gram positive flora

76
Q

Without personal daily biofilm control what can happen?

A

microorganisms return to pretreatment levels in 42 days

77
Q

Where do endotoxins occur?

A

in bacteria covering the cementum and in the cementum

78
Q

When can a follow up appt be scheduled for patient?

A

2 weeks

79
Q

What procedures should be included in the assessment iin a follow up evaluation?

A

perio probing

tactile evaluation- bleeding points evaluated for residual calc

80
Q

Why do we reinstrument at a follow up appointment?

A

remove any remaining calculus

81
Q

What do you do with a patient who has not responded adequately to non surgical therapy?

A

refer to a periodontist

82
Q

What factors are taken into account in determining a maintenance schedule?

A

soft tissue response, changes/stabilization, demonstrates effective biofilm control, motivation, responsibility, psycho social factors

83
Q

What sterilization method should be avoided with US tips?

A

dry heat

84
Q

What happens with worn out US tips when instrumenting?

A

incapable of removing deposit, it is only burnished

85
Q

What is the principle objective in the location of a broken instrument?

A

to know positively that the tip has been removed

86
Q

what immediate action takes place in the care of a broken instrument?

A
  • stop procedure
  • don’t move pt. head
  • isolate
  • dont use a/w syringe
  • don’t alarm pt
87
Q

what should you do in the examination of an area in the care of a broken instrument?

A
  • don’t dry with air
  • use careful retraction to examine immediate area
  • use transilluminating
  • examine sulcus, use a spoon like stroke of curet
88
Q

what do you do in tx of a broken instrument?

A
  • apply magnetized retrieving instrument
  • consult with dentist for assistance
  • prepare an x-ray
89
Q

what do you do if you do not find the broken tip in any of the procedures?

A

arrange for a perio surgical procedure

Dental Hygiene II (19 decks)

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