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Dental Hygiene II > Module 17 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Module 17 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where do early signs of systemic conditions manifest themselves

A

in the oral soft tissues

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2
Q

What are findings that may suggest a blood disorder

A
  • gingival bleeding
  • history of difficulty of controlling bleeding
  • history of bruising
  • numerous petichiae
  • pallor of mucous membrane
  • atrophy of papillae of tongue
  • sore painful tongue
  • infections, dont respond to normal tx
  • server ulcerations
  • exaggerated gingival response to local irritants
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3
Q

what is normal blood comprised of

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

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4
Q

what do the formed elements consist of?

A

44% erythrocytes

1% leukocytes

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5
Q

what does hematocrit show

A
  • percentage packed volume of blood cells

- normal values are males 39-39% females 33-43%

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6
Q

Where do blood cells originate

A

bone marrow

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7
Q

what is a hemocytoblast

A

stem cell of origin

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8
Q

what cells leave the bone marrow and go to lymphoid tissue for maturing

A

agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)

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9
Q

What are the plasma proteins

A

albumin, gamma globulins, beta globulins, fibrinogen, prothrombin

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10
Q

what is albumin

A

maintains tissue fluid balance within the vascular system

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11
Q

what are gamma globulins

A

circulating antibodies essential to the immune system

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12
Q

what are beta globulins

A

aid in transport of hormones, metallic ions and lipids

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13
Q

what is fibrinogen and prothrombin essential for

A

blood clotting

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14
Q

if plasma is allowed to clot what is it called

A

serum

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15
Q

what is plasma composed of

A

90% water

10% plasma proteins, inorganic salts, gases substances being transported

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16
Q

What are erythrocytes

A
  • RBC/corpuscles
  • biconcave discs
  • CO2 transported from cells
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17
Q

what are the functions of RBC

A

transport hemoglobin, carry 02 to the body, C02 transported from the cells

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18
Q

what is hemoglobin measured in

A

g/ml

normal values 12 to 17.2

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19
Q

what are the two kinds of WBC (leukocytes)

A

granulocytes, agranulocytes

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20
Q

what are the granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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21
Q

what are the agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

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22
Q

what cells arrive first of the WBC

A

neutrophils

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23
Q

what functions as a transport medium for WBC

A

blood

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24
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

-round cells with round nucleus

capable of reverting to blast-like cells of origin and then multiplying as the immunologic need arises

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25
Q

what are monocytes

A
  • bean shaped
  • phagocytic
  • in conn tissue differentiate into macrophages
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26
Q

what are neutrophils

A

PMN

  • most numerous of WBC
  • ameoboid in the tissues and function in phagocytosis, first line of defense
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27
Q

what are eosinophils

A

-increase during allergic reactions

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28
Q

what are basophis

A

-increases vascular permeability during inflammation so that the phagocytic cells can pass into the area

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29
Q

what are plateles

A
  • formed element, no nucleus

- active in blood clotting mechanism

30
Q

what is anemia

A

-reduction of the hemoglobin concentration, the hematocrit or the number of RBC to a level that is below normal

31
Q

as a result of anemia what is diminished

A

oxygen carrying capacity to the cells-

32
Q

anemias are classified by what

A

cause

33
Q

what is anemia caused by blood loss

A
  • acute- blood loss from trauma or disease

- chronic- internal leison with constant slow bleeding usually of GI or gyne origin

34
Q

what is anemeia cause by increased hemolysis

A
  • hereditary hemolytic disorders

- acquired hemolytic disorder

35
Q

what is an example of a hereditary hemolytic disorders s

A

sickle cell disease

36
Q

what are examples of aquired hemolytic disorders

A

from drugs infections, and certain physical and chemical agents

37
Q

what is antibody mediated anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis

A

occurs when a mother is Rh- negative

38
Q

what is erythroblastalis fetalis also known as

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn

39
Q

what are 2 types of anemia cause by diminished production of RBC

A

nutritional deficency, bone marrow failure

40
Q

what is nutritional defeciency in anemia

A
  • inadequate intake or dietary choices
  • ex:pernicious anemia- vit B12 absorbtion deficiency
  • iron deficency anemia
41
Q

what is an example of bone marrow failure in anemia

A

-aplastic anemia

42
Q

what is aplastic anemia

A

-combination of anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia occurs which leads to a decrease in all cells formed in the bone marrow

43
Q

what is the most prevalent anemia? second most?

A

iron deficency

anemia of chronic dieseases

44
Q

when does anemia of chronic diseases occur

A

in pts with acute or chronic immune activation, pts. have low reticulocyte count, underprod of RBC

45
Q

what is an example of an anemia caused by genetic blood disorders

A

thalassemia

46
Q

What is thalassemia characterized by

A

absent or decreased production of hemoglobin

47
Q

Is thalassemia inheritied? who does it effect the most?

A

-yes, mediterranean, african, middle eastern, south east asian descent

48
Q

what is the most severe form of thalassema

A

thalassemia major (cooley’s anemia)

49
Q

what is tx for thalassemia

A
  • transfusions
  • folic acid
  • bone marrow trans is cure during childhood
  • steme cell transplant
50
Q

what are the general signs and symptoms of anemia

A 
-pale thin skin
weakness, fatigue, easy fatigability
dyspna on slight exertion, faintness
dimness of vision, 
headache, vertigo, tinnitus
brittle nails
51
Q

what is iron deficiency anemia

A

hypochromic microcytic anemia, hemoglobin deficient, blood corpuslces are smaller than normal

52
Q

what can develop as a result of chronic iron deficency

A

plummer-vision syndrome

53
Q

what are the causes of iron deficency anemia

A
  • malnutrition/adsorbtion
  • chronic infection
  • increased demand
  • chronic alcoholism
  • chronic blood loss
  • internal bleeding
  • excessive menstrual flow
  • frequent blood donations
54
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of iron deficency anemia

A
  • general weakness, headache, pallor

- fatigue on slight exertion

55
Q

what are oral signs and symptoms of iron deficency anemia

A
  • pallor of mucosa
  • tongue changes- atrophic glossitis
  • secondary irritations to thinned mucosa, may result from smoking, trauma, hot spicy foods
  • angular chelitis
  • increased risk of angular chelitis
56
Q

What is tx for iron deficiency anemia

A
  • oral ferrous iron
  • folic acid
  • nutritional counseling
  • liquid preps for children may stain teeth
57
Q

what are megablastic anemias

A
  • abnormally large RBC

- result from deficiency of B12, folate or both

58
Q

what are the principle types of megoblastic anemai

A
  • pernicious anemia

- folate deficency anemia

59
Q

what are B12 and folate essential for

A

RBC prod in bone marrow

60
Q

what is pernicious anemia caused by

A

-decreased intake, increased requirement, impaired absorbtion of B12

61
Q

what is pernicous anemia due to deficiency of intrinsic factor

A

failure of production of intrinsic factor, necessary for B12 adsorbtion

62
Q

what age do you see pernicious anemia in

A

over 40 years of age

63
Q

Is the childhood form a of pernicious anemia is there a gastric abnormality

A

no

64
Q

what are the general clinical findings of pernicious anemia

A
  • fatiuge, weakness, tingling, numbness of fingers and toes
65
Q

what are CNS system involvement clinical findings of pernicious anemia

A
  • dizziness, confusion, hypotension
  • sever parathesia
  • dimmed vision, abdominal pain, weight loss
66
Q

what are the oral clinical findings of pernicious anemia

A
  • tongue- atrophic glossitis, pain, inflammed, flabby, red, smooth, shiny
  • sensitivity to hot or spicy food
  • painful swallowing
  • gingiva and mucosa pale, atrophic
67
Q

what is the tx of pernicous anemia

A

-B12 injections 2x week then monthly

68
Q

what is folate deficiency anemia-

A

like pernicous anemia, no CNS involvement

69
Q

what are the etiologic factors of folate deficiency anemia

A
  • decreased intake- inadequeate diet or adsorbtion
  • increased requirement- pregnancy, cancer, tobacco, pts who take alot of asprin or antacids, drugs that impair utilization of folate
70
Q

what are dietary sources of folate

A

-fresh fruits, green leafy veggies
-liver, kidney
-dairy products, whole grain cereal
-

71
Q

what is folate deficiency most frequently related to

A

-malabsorbtion rather than inadequate intake

Dental Hygiene II (19 decks)

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