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Dental Hygiene II > Module 15 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Module 15 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is orthopnea

A

ability to breathe easily only in an upright position

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2
Q

What are the locations of upper respiratory tract diseases

A

nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx

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3
Q

what are the locations of lower respiratory tract diseases

A

diseases of the trachea, lungs

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4
Q

what is an example of an acute upper respiratory disease? lower?

A
  • rhinitis, sinutitis, pharyngitis, influenza

- acute bronchitis, pneumonia

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5
Q

what is an example of a chronic upper respiratory disease? lower?

A
  • allergic rhinitis

- TB, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis

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6
Q

what are the modes of transmission of upper respiratory diseases

A
  • inhalation of airborne droplets

- indirectly contaminated hands or articles freshly soiled with discharge

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7
Q

what is acute bronchitis

A

an acute respiratory infection that involves large airways (trachea, bronchi)

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8
Q

what is the primary symptom of acute bronchitis

A

cough with or without phlegm, may last up to 3 weeks

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9
Q

what is pneumonia

A

an infections and subsequent inflammation of the lungs, caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, or parasites (respiratory tract of healthy person is able to defend)

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10
Q

what is the etiology of pneumonia

A

viral and bacterial and fungal

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11
Q

what is the most common cause of pneumonia

A

fungal
pneumocystits pneumonia (PCP)
pneumocystitis jirovecii

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12
Q

what is a community aquired pneumonia

A

-occurs in any individual in the community, person to person tranmission

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13
Q

what is a healthcare associated pneumonia (nosocomial)

A
  • occurs 48-72 hrs after admission to healthcare facility
  • main cause of death in hosp pts
  • bacteria in perio pockets may serve as a resivoir for lung infection
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14
Q

what is nursing home acquired pneumonia caused by

A
  • due to dysphagia from a decrease in saliva, cough reflex or swallowing disorders, aspiration of saliva
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15
Q

what is a hospital aquired pneumonia caused by

A

ventilator associated: no ability to clear oral secretions by swallowing of coughing
non ventilator- biofilm forms of endotrach tubes

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16
Q

what is medical management of pneumonia

A

bacteria: antibiotic
virus: bed rest and fluids
fungal: sulfa drugs

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17
Q

what are the symptoms and signs of viral pneumonia

A
  • mild symptoms
  • cough, sputum
  • mild fever
  • dyspnea
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18
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia

A
  • sudden onset
  • cough, purulent
  • high fever
  • dyspnea
  • pleuritic chest pain
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19
Q

what is tuberculosis

A

chronic infectious and communicable disease with world wide public health significance as a cause of disability and death

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20
Q

what groups have a high risk of contracting TB

A
  • close contact w/ people w/TB
  • reside and work in institutional settings
  • from countries that have a high TB incidence
  • provide medical or dental care for any of the high risk groups
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21
Q

what is the etiology of TB

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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22
Q

what is the transmission of TB

A
  • travel in airborne droplet nucei in saliva or mucus

- inhalation

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23
Q

where does the local TB infection begin

A

lung alveoli

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24
Q

where does the TB survive best

A

high oxygen tension, such as the lungs

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25
Q

what are the 2 tests to determine exposure to TB

A

-Tuberculin skin test (mantoux test, PPD)
-interferon gamma release assay
blood test

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26
Q

When a test to determine TB exposure are positive what is done

A
  • chest xray
  • physical exam
  • preliminary diagnosis, sputum exam
  • definitive diagnosis: when seen in sputum, is is not confirmed but suspected, it must be grown in lab to confirm
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27
Q

what are oral manifestations of TB

A

mucosal leison, painful deep, irregular ulcer on dorsum of tongue, leisons can also occur on palate, lips, buccal mucosa, gingiva, glandular swellings

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28
Q

what things do we do to implement infection control measures in dental hygiene care with TB

A
  • update med history
  • recognize signs, symptoms of tb
  • follow CDC guidelines
  • update written protocol
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29
Q

do you treat a pt with active tb

A

no

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30
Q

what do you do as far at tx in a patient with a history of tb

A
  • use caution, discuss signs and symptoms
  • consult with physician, to confirm
  • tx is permitted when pt is free of clinically active disease
31
Q

what is asthma

A

-chronic respiratory disease consisting of recurrent episodes of dyspnea, coughing, wheezing leading to bronchial inflammation and muscle constriction

32
Q

what is extrinsic (allergic or atopic) asthma

A
  • triggers outside of body
  • exaggerated response from inhalation of allergen
  • activation of airway epthelial mast cells
33
Q

what is the most commmon type of asthma

A

extrinsic

34
Q

what is intrinsic (non allergic) asthma

A
  • triggers from within the body
  • triggers:emotional stress, GERD
  • usually seen in adults
35
Q

What is drug or food induced (non allergenic, non atopic*

A
  • aspirin
  • NSAIDS
  • beta blockers
  • food (nuts, shellfish, milk, strawberries)
  • tartrazine(yellow food dyes0
  • metabisulfide preservative in food and drugs
36
Q

what is exercise induced asthma

A
  • vigorous physical activity

- thermal changes during inhalation of cold are may provoke irritation and airway hyperactivity

37
Q

what is infection induced asthma

A

-lung infectoins may provoke symptoms

38
Q

What is one type of IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction

A

atopic asthma

39
Q

what is IgE

A
  • one of 5 types of antibodies

- primary defense against allergens, breaks them down and removes from body

40
Q

people with asthma are beleived to hyperreact and produce more what

A

IgE antibodies, results are symptoms of asthma

41
Q

What are the steps in an IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction

A

1-inital exposure to allergen IgE produced and binds to mast cells
2-on subsequent exposures antigen binds to mast cells
3-mast cells release asthma mediators
4-asthma mediators cause bronchoconstricion, vasodilation, mucus producton

42
Q

what is local anaphylaxis

A
  • allergen binds to mast cell in nasal cavitiy resuling in nasal rhinitis
  • allergen binds to mast cell in bronchiole reusling in asthma
43
Q

what is systemic anaphylaxisi

A

-allgergen binds to mast cells throughout the body resuling in anaphylaxis

44
Q

what are signs and symptoms of an asthma attack

A
  • chest tighness
  • ineffectiveness of brochodilator
  • wheezing, cough
  • dilated pupils
  • flushed
  • confusion
  • tachypnea
  • tachycardia
45
Q

how to prepare for possible emergency care in a asthma attack

A
  • signs and symptoms
  • stop tx
  • rule out obstruction
  • assist with inhaler
  • administer 02
  • monitor vital signs
46
Q

what are drugs to avoid that are asthma attack triggers or decrease respiratory function

A

aspirin, sulfite, NSAIDS

narcotics barbituates

47
Q

what are the two main asthma medication types

A
  • long term control

- quick releif meds

48
Q

what are oral manifestations of beta 2 agonist inhalers?

A
  • decrased salivary flow and biofilm pH

- causes and increase in GERD

49
Q

What should you do before tx with patient who has asthma

A

-remined them to bring inhaler, assess risk level, have 02 available, stress free environment

50
Q

what should you do during tx with a pt with asthma

A
  • prevent triggering hypersensitive airway with isolation
  • use local without sulfites
  • fl2 tx
51
Q

what is COPD

A

pulmonary disorders that obstruct airflow

52
Q

what are the 2 most common diseases of COPD

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

53
Q

what is the primary etiology of COPD

A

tobacco smoke with occupational and environmental pollutants as contributing factors

54
Q

What is the etiology of chronic bronchitis

A
  • excessive respiratory tract mucus production sufficient to cause a cough with expectoration for at least 3 months o the year for 2 or more years
55
Q

in chronic bronchitis difficulty breathing is present on

A

inspiration and expiration

56
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A
  • chronic cough
  • copious sputum
  • chest radiograph abnormalities
  • sedentary , overweight, cyanotic, edematous
57
Q

which disease is termed a blue bloater

A

chronic bronchitis

58
Q

what disease is termed a pink puffer

A

emphysema

59
Q

what is the etiology of emphysema

A

-distention of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles dues to destruction of alveolar walls

60
Q

pts with ephysema have problems with breathing on

A

expiration

61
Q

what are signs and symptoms of emphysema

A
  • difficulty breathing on exertion
  • barrel chest
  • nonproductive cough
  • weight loss
  • chest x-ray abnormalities
62
Q

what is the medical managment of COPD

A

no cure, decrease exacerbations (stop smoking, eliminate pollutants, adequate nutrition, drink water, exercise)

63
Q

what are the 5 stages of COPD

A

at risk, mild, moderate, severe, very severe

64
Q

what are oral manifestations of COPD

A

-similar to pts with asthma

65
Q

What should we do before tx of a COPD patient

A
  • precautions when cardiovascular problems present
  • assess severity of COPD
  • no N20
  • tx preformed only on those with stable breathing
  • ID patients who may experience exacerbation of symptoms under stress
  • montiory b.p
  • appt length may need to be modified
66
Q

In COPD what should you do during tx

A
  • antimicrobial preprocedural r inse
  • avoid use of power driven scalers
  • local without epi
67
Q

what should you do in education of COPD patients

A
  • stop smoking
  • promote OH care
  • discuss link between COPD and perio
  • teach and promote oral self care exam
  • frequent appts
68
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

-autosomal recessive gene disorder, progressive, ultimately fatal, involves pancreas liver, lung

69
Q

what is affected in cystic fibrosis

A

gene disorder, affects salt and water in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and exocrine glands and results in thickened secretions

70
Q

what happens to the respiratory tract in cystic fibrosis

A
  • airways are always filled with phlegm, similar to pus, leading to chronic sinusitis, opportunisitc lung infection
71
Q

what happens to the pancreas and intestinal tract in cystic fibrosis

A

-thick mucus clogs pancreatic ducts, prevent release of enzymes, food isnt properly digested or absorbed

72
Q

what is the medical management of cystic fybrosis patients

A
  • antibiotics including inhalation solution
  • bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents
  • chest physiotherapy
73
Q

what is dental hygiene care of cystic fibrosis patients

A

-oral manifestations: gingivitis associated with dry mouth,

facilitate breathing: adapt chair, no rubber dam

Dental Hygiene II (19 decks)

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