Module 5 drugs Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
anxiolytics
A
drugs that sedate and decrease anxiety; are ‘downers’
2
Q
sedative-hypnotics
A
minor tranquilizers; all drugs that work to depress the CNS (expect major tranquilizers)
3
Q
alcohol
A
a sedative, ‘downer’, drug that works on CNS, by far most used anxiolytic
*can cause many seizures during withdrawls
4
Q
opium
A
sedative used for hundreds of years
5
Q
barbituric acid
A
synthesized by Adolf von Baeyer in 1864, which led to barbiturates later
6
Q
Veronal
A
barbital; first barbiturate, found to produce euphoria
7
Q
lethal injection
A
high dose of KCl to cause MI with a barbiturate before to make it painless
8
Q
barbiturates
A
used as sedatives, antiepileptics (first ones to do so), sleeping aids, and to induce GA
But very addictive, have extremely long 1/2 lives, give nausea, and make people groggy
*too many side e’s and addiction to use indiscriminately
9
Q
Miltown
A
meprobamate; first drug specific as a psychotropic (not just a ‘downer’ for general population use) for anxiety
Often too weak to be used for anything but anxiety
Launched as a less addictive medication for anxiety; one specific year it was 1/3 of all Rx in USA
10
Q
benzodiazepines
A
work at GABA-A rc. Have amazing sedative properties; used for people w/anxiety disorders, GA (inducing part of it, but can’t be used for this purpose alone), seizures, and a small application as sleep aids
Great for acute use on seizures, but long term requires other medications
*tend to stop processing of new memories when used for GA (cause amnesia)
*all end with epam or olam
11
Q
Valium
A
diazepam; benzodiazepine
Given IV to control acute seizure and to sedate parts of brain and relieve muscle pain/spasm as a muscle relaxant
Oral form lasts 8-10 hours
12
Q
Versed
A
midazolam; benzodiazepine
Best acute seizure drug b/c can be IV, IM, or down endotracheal tube
Only AED that is remarkably effective against many types of seizures
13
Q
Xanax
A
alprazolam; benzodiazepine commonly over Rx’ed and abused
Lasts for a number of hours and does not make pts feel hungover, hence why it is so commonly used
14
Q
Restoril
A
temazepam; benzodiazepine used mainly for sleep b/c it lasts all night and has pretty fast onset of action
*developed to be longer lasting sleep aid version of Halcion
15
Q
Halcion
A
triazolam; benzodiazpine used mainly to put people to sleep, with fast 10 minute onset of action orally, but only lasts 2 hours
16
Q
Rohpynol
A
flunitrazepam; benzodiazepine; one of top date rape drugs
17
Q
Quaalude
A
methaqualone; sedative-hypnotic that was so abused in 70s that it was banned from US and many other countries
18
Q
antihistamines
A
used as anxiolytics that are non-addictive
Used to treat systemic inflammation/rashes
19
Q
Vistaril, Atarax
A
hydroxyzine; 1st gen antihistamine with antiemetic and sedative properties
Also used to stop itching following an epidural
20
Q
herbal anxiolytic remedies
A
have lack of efficacy compared to Rx drugs, but aren’t addictive and can help people who don’t have actual disease
St. John’s wort, chamomile, Valerian root, kava kava, and melatonin
21
Q
medical marijuana
A
used for anxiety, cachexia, glaucoma, nausea, and pain
It is not analgesic, but in relieving psychological pain through sedative properties it may help people relieve physical pain
22
Q
phenobarbital
A
barbiturate used as anti-seizure drug, but has undesirable side e’s of barbiturates (drowsiness, behavioral changes, addiction etc.)
*backup drug for treating seizures behind Dilantin/Tegretol
23
Q
Dilantin
A
phenytoin; Na channel blocker (stabilizer); hydantoin drug used for oral maintenance prevention of partial/generalized seizures
24
Q
Tegretol
A
carbamazepine; Na channel blocker (stabilizer), but also has other effects on Ca currents and GABA rc; anticonvulsant drug used for maintenance prevention of partial seizures
25
hydantoin drugs
stabilize excitable areas in brain where seizures start; fairly safe for oral maintenance therapy
*unfortunate side e of coarsening facial features and gingival hyperplasia with long term use over many years
26
GHB
gabbahydroxybutyrate; one of most popular date rape drugs
27
status epilepticus treatment
IV Fv, Versed, barbiturate like Pentothal (thiopental), Dilantin, or sometimes even a general anesthetic is required in most severe cases
28
Pentothal
thiopental; barbiturate anticonvulsant used IV to stop acute seizures
29
MAOIs
monoamine oxidase inhibitors; some of best anitdepressants for severe depression
Have such bad side e's and food interactions that only psychiatrists Rx them, for extremely bad depression
*also used for pain, anxiety, psychosis, etc.
30
TCAs and TeCAs
tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants; increase sensitivity of brain rc to NE and 5HT
Not nearly as good of antidepressants to Rx b/c though they are effective, they have anticholinergic side e's that are bad (constipation, dry mouth, grogginess, tiredness, urinary issues, etc.)
31
Elavil
amitriptyline; prototypical TCA used to help with sleep and to treat some weird pain syndromes, like shingles
32
SSRIs and SNRIs
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin nd norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors; best tolerated antidepressants; most commonly used today
33
Prozac
fluoxetine; SSRI antidepressant that was first of modern ADs and is prototype
34
Cymbalta
duloxetine; SNRI antidepressant
| Also used for neuropathic pain like fibromyalgia and works better for this than SSRIs
35
Lithobid
long-acting formulation of lithium; used to treat bipolar disorder
36
BD treatment
bipolar disorder; treat with
1. lithium and anitdepressants
2. antipyschotics
37
GAD treatment
generalized anxiety disorder; treat with
1. antidepressants (especially Zoloft and Paxil, two SSRIs)
2. benzodiazepines
38
Zoloft
sertraline; SSRI antidepressant
39
Paxil
paroxetine; SSRI antidepressant
40
OCD treatment
obsessive compulsive disorder; treat with combination of antidepressants (SNRIs like Cymbalta) and anxiolytics (like Xanax)
*tertiary treatment includes antipsychotic medication (like latest gen atypical drug Risperdal)
41
Risperdal
risperidone; latest gen atyptical antipyschotic, most commonly used antipsychotic in US
Used for treating agitation associated with psychosis
42
phobias treatment
treat with anti-anxiety drugs like Xanax, B-blockers, and SSRIs (and other antidepressants)
43
PTSD treatment
treat with new antidepressants and B-blockers
44
schizophrenia treatment
antipsychotics (major tranquilizers, neuroleptics)
45
antipsychotics
major tranquilizers, neuroleptics; treat psychotic 'breaks'
| Treat those who suffer from hallucinations, paranoia, and loss of touch with reality
46
phenothiazines
```
subclass of antipsychotics
*all end with -azine
```
47
Thorazine
chlorpromazine; first neuroleptic, a phenothiazine
48
Compazine
prochlorperazine; phenothiazine used more often today to treat n/v
49
typical antipsychotics
early antipsychotics; have 'typical' side e's
Extrapyramidal symptoms occur (tardive dyskinesia); tics/automation behaviors like lip smacking, neck twitching, and arm movements
*these symptoms would sometimes be permanent even after drug cessation
50
atypical antipsychotics
newer antipsychotics; do not have as high rate of extrapyramidal symptoms (typical side e's), but have other major side e's
51
Seconal
secobarbital; barbiturate used as sleep aid, but not used much anymore b/c of abuse potential and long 1/2 life
52
nonbenzodiazepines
group of drugs that are basically just used as sleep aids
| Have high activity at GABA-A rc; drugs of choice for short term treatment of insomnia
53
Ambien
zolpidem; nonbenzodiazpine used for insomnia treatment short term
54
Lunesta
eszopiclone; nonbenzodiazepine used for insomnia treatment short term
55
Rozerem
```
ramelteon; first of new class of sleep agents that selectively bind and stimulate melatonin rc
*fitful dreams can be a side e
```
56
OTC sleep aids
antihistamines (1st gen that cross BBB and have anticholinergic effects), Mg (also good for cramps), or alcohol
57
NyQuil
liquid form has antihistamine doxylamine and alcohol
58
herbal sleep aid remedies
valerian root, chamomile, lemon balm, and melatonin
59
melatonin
secreted by pinneal gland in brain; is integral in maintaining our 24 hour sleep-wake cycle
*potentially consuming it 'naturally' from animal brains could transmit prions
60
ADHD treatment
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;
1. treat with S2 amphetamines that exhibit paradoxical effect (ADHD pts. are calmed down even though they are stimulants)
3. antipsychotics
61
Ritalin
methylphenidate; amphetamine-like drug used for ADHD treatment, but has high abuse potential
Long acting forms are now used b/c of having to take drugs previously at school and multiple times a day
*original amphetamine used to treat ADHD
62
insomnia treatment
1. nonbenzodiazepines, melatonin rc agonsts
| 2. benzodiazepines
63
seizure treatment
1. Dilantin, Tegretol
| 2. benzodiazepines, barbiturates
64
depression treatment
1. antidepressants
65
psychosis treatment
1. antipsychotics
66
laudanum
tincture of opium
67
long-term anxiety treatment
best treated with newer antidepressants like Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), or Paxil (paroxetine)
68
Inderal
propranolol; B blocker used to treat conditions like PTSD
69
Haldol
haloperidol; typical antipsychotic (used in 70s-90s; later than the prototypical Thorazine in the 50s)
70
Adderal
mixed amphetamine salts; S2 stimulant used for ADHD tx. with high abuse potential
71
AEDs
anticonvulsants, also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or antiseizure drugs
72
astringents
found in 'toners': shrink or constrict pores by coagulating skin proteins
73
keratolytics
increase turnover rate of new skin cells, causing old skin cells to shed
Soften keratin to loosen and assist exfoliation of skin cells
74
caustic agents
dissolve the horny layer(stratum corneum) (and deeper) of skin
75
emollients
soften and smooth scales of skin to make them more smooth and less flaky; also are occlusive agents (provide protective layer that prevents water loss)
76
moisturizers
introduce water to skin
77
antiseptics
weaken/slow down growth of bacteria instead of actually killing them; pretty much just used topically and resistance is rare
78
infection dermatitis treatment
miconazole for tinea fungal infections (types of tinea include ringworm, athlete's foot, and jock itch)
Double/triple antibiotic creams for topical staph. or strep. bacterial infections like impetigo
Topical/oral acyclovir-like drugs for herpetic viral infections
79
dermatitis tx
just like treating inflammation; topical preparations include antihistamines, aloe vera and other plant extracts, zinc compounds, and emollients
80
Caladryl lotion
calamine to sooth and pramoxine as anti itch
81
Cortaid
hydrocortisone 1% cream; least potent corticosteroid
| Used for dermatitis
82
Ultravate, Halox
halobetasol proprionate 0.05%; group 1 corticosteroid
| 600x stronger as hydrocortisone
83
Lidex
fluocinonide 0.05%; group 2 corticosteroid
84
Cutivate
fluticasone proprionate 0.005%; group 3 corticosteroid
85
Locoid
hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1%; group 4 corticosteroid
86
Kenalog, Aristocort
triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%; group 5 corticosteroid
87
Kenalog, Aristocort A
triamcinolone acetonide 0.025%; group 6 corticosteroid
88
hydrocortisone 1%
OTC corticosteroid cream; group 7 corticosteroid. Weakest of topical coritcosteroids, has poor lipid permeability, and can not penetrate mucous membranes well
89
zinc oxide
sunblock; more popular in past
90
micronized titanium dioxide
sunblock; more popular nowadays, less conspicuous on skin and offer substantial UVA and UVB protection
91
PABA
para-aminobenzoic acid; one of most popular sunscreens
92
Benadryl
diphenhydramine; antihistamine commonly used for systemic inflammation, but relatively ineffective for most skin rashes
93
prednisone
most commonly used oral corticosteroid for systemic inflammation; Rx
94
scabies tx
type of pediculosis; treat with isolation, hot water cleaning of clothes and bedding, and anti-parasite drugs
95
Elimite, Nix
permethrin; anti-parasite drug (insecticide) used for pediculosis
96
acne vulgaris treatment
toners, balancers, clarifying lotions, astringents, and more specific therapy of antibacterials, antiseptics, and keratolytics
97
Benzac
benzoyl peroxide; organic peroxide with antiseptic and keratolytic actions. Standard OTC acne therapy
Facial use OTC concentration is 2.5-5%, while 10% is used for more severe acne of torso
98
salicylic acid
organic acid derived from willow tree bark used as topical keratolytic for acne in low concentrations or in high concentrations to burn off warts
99
Eryderm
erythromycin; topical antibiotic for acne vulgaris
| *FDA pregnancy category C: it is not known whether erythromycin topical will harm an unborn baby
100
Cleocin T
topical clindamycin (t for topical); antibiotic for acne vulgaris
101
Minocin
minocycline; oral tetracycline antibiotic used for acne vulgaris
102
tetracyclines
antibiotics used orally for acne vulgaris
103
erythromycin
oral macrolide antibiotic used for acne vulgaris
104
Rx keratolytics for acne vulgaris
derivatives of vitamin A 'retinoids'; used to treat severe cystic acne
Stimulate epithelial cells to multiply rapidly and slough off (prevent stagnation and clogging of pores)
105
Retin-A
tretinoin topical; Rx keratolytic derived from vitamin A 'retinoids' used for acne vulgaris
106
Accutane
isotretinoin; oral keratolytic; oral vitamin A retinoid used to treat severe cystic acne
Known teratogen and is associated with severe psychiatric disease including depression and suicide
*used after topical keratolytics and topical/oral antibiotic have been tried
107
rosacea treatment
no cure, but can be treated with antibiotics and topical corticosteroids
*corticosteroids are usually very mild b/c they are applied to the face
108
MetroGel
metronidazole; nitroimidazole antibiotic used for rosacea maintenance therapy
109
Compound W liquid
17% salicylic acid; caustic agent used qd (once/day) to burn off warts over a period of weeks
110
cryotherapy for warts
use liquid nitrogen (in Dr.'s office) or similar gasses (dimethyl ether and propane in OTC Compound W Freeze Off) to burn off warts in just 1-2 applications; but hurts a bit
111
Compound W Freeze Off
dimethyl ether and propane; OTC wart cryotherapy
112
Rogaine
minoxidil; older vasodilator drug available OTC for topical use for alopecia
113
Propecia
finasteride; newer drug for alopecia; Rx only, oral drug that blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT (the hormone largely responsible for BPH and male pattern baldness)
114
sunscreen
absorb sun rays
115
sunblock
reflects/blocks rays
116
Solarcaine
benzocaine; a topical anesthetic (Na channel blocker), used after sunburn
117
aloe vera gel
soothing, anti-inflammatory agent used after sunburn
118
calamine lotion
used to sooth skin after sunburn
119
pramoxine
local anesthetic used to block pain and itching
120
gentamicin
topical aminoglycoside antibacterial for skin infections
121
bacitracin
topical antibacterial for skin infections
122
Bactroban
mupirocin; carboxylic acid antibiotic; topical antibacterial for skin infections
123
Neosporin
combination topical antibiotic; triple antibiotic ointment bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin B
124
Polysporin
combination topical antibiotic; double antibiotic ointment bacitracin and polymyxin B
125
Cortisporin
combination topical antibiotic and corticosteroid
| neomycin, polymyxin B, and hydrocoritsone in OTC strength
126
Lotrimin
clotrimazole; topical antifungal
127
Lotrisone
topical combination antifungal and corticosteroid; betamethasone and clotrimazole
128
betamethasone
corticosteroid
129
Zovirax
acyclovir; topical or oral anti-herpes drug
130
Valtrex
valacyclovir; topical or oral anti-herpes drug
131
tetracycline
oral antibiotic used for acne vulgaris
132
Silvadene cream
silver sulfadiazine; sulfa medicine used to prevent and suppress infections; placed on top of burns and wounds
133
LAs
local anesthetics; all '-caine; drugs
Without affecting consciousness, they prevent propagation of nerve impulses by blocking Na channels along nerve axon to produce loss of sensation
Use 1-2% for injection compared to 10% for topical use
134
tetrodotoxin
potent Na channel blocker found in Japanese puffer fish, which causes muscle paralysis and death due to respiratory failure
135
EMLA cream
eutectic mixture of local anesthetic; topically applied LA used to numb skin over a vein for starting IVs in children
136
Zingo device
delivers lidocaine to skin of children undergoing venipuncture (IV) or line placement. Pressed against skin and pressurized helium gas and lidocaine painlessly numbs skin
*but each device costs $20 and can only be used once, so most people do not use them
137
topical anesthetics
applied to skin or mucus membranes. Can be used in nose/throat so doctors can do endoscopy or minor surgery
Used often to intubate awake patients before you put them under to ensure you have airway secured
138
Hurricaine spray
10-20% benzocaine spray; tastes very bad, but used to spray down throats/in mouths; Rx drug
139
Novocaine
procaine; original packaged and sold LA; not used much anymore b/c it causes more allergic reactions than other caines. Also used for regional blocks for regional anesthesia.
140
Xylocaine
lidocaine; LA that has less allergic reactions than procaine. Also used for regional blocks for regional anesthesia.
141
Marcaine
bupivacaine; LA that has less allergic reactions than procaine. Also used for regional blocks for regional anesthesia.
Longer acting; 0.5% injection will make numb for a day
142
epinepherine with LAs
often will add epinepherine to make LA more like cocaine b/c you can vasoconstriction and LA action, which makes drug last longer and less blood is lost during operation
143
interscalene block
common RA approach for upper extremity surgery; use LA to block Na channels in brachial plexus
144
spinal or epidural blocks
Use Na channel blockers (LAs) to insenate everything from 'nipples down' if you want to
145
N2O
nitrous oxide; laughing gas that has pain relieving properties, but does not put people to sleep
146
diethyl ether
original anesthetic gas used to put people to sleep
Not used on humans anymore
*used exclusively for 70 years, but replaced by halothane b/c ether makes people vomit, sneeze, cough, gurgle, etc.
147
chloroform
anesthetic gas not used to put people to sleep anymore; used before ether was created
148
drugs for pre-anesthesia
sedative hypnotics and/or opioid analgesics
Most common sedative hypnotic for this purpose is Versed (midazolam)
Most common opioid for this purpose is mu rc agonist Sublimaze (fentanyl) and Sufenta (sufentanil)
149
Sublimaze
fentanyl; potent mu rc agonist used for pre-anesthesia
150
Sufenta
sufentanil; potent mu rc agonist used for pre-anesthesia
151
Versed
midazolam; benzodiazepine commonly used for pre-anesthesia
152
Pentothal
thiopental; barbiturate previously used to induce GA, but it caused nausea and prolonged anesthesia, so has now been replaced by Diprivan (propofol)
153
Diprivan
propofol; GA induction agent used by IV admin.
Produces rapid loss of consciousness and prevents postoperative nausea (also helps counter nauseating effects of opioids)
*very dangerous b/c can cause respiratory depression and death
154
anesthesia maintenance drugs
potent inhaled anesthetics (given through vaporizer) or IV infusions of Diprivan
155
halothane
inhaled anesthetic invented in 40s/50s that replaced ether, but not used anymore on humans
*still used in veterinary medicine b/c it is inexpensive
156
Ultane
sevoflurane; newer inhaled anesthetic that has tremendous advantages over older agents
157
IV anesthetics
used in combination with inhaled anesthetics to: supplement GA, maintain GA, provide sedation, control BP, and protect brain
158
muscle relaxants
most people refer to sedative hypnotics that work centrally to relax brain and decrease motor activity going out to muscles, but when anesthesiologists talk about it they are referring to NMBs (paralytics)
159
NMBs
neuromuscular blockers; paralytic agents; muscle relaxants derived from amazonian dart poison
Natagonize nicotinic Ach rc at neuromuscular junction
*have no sedative effects on brain
160
NMBs use in operating room
used in anesthesia and ICUs to facilitate endotracheal intubation and in OR to allow less use of inhaled drugs and gives surgeons good operating conditions (relaxes muscles to make cuts easier)
Give all by IV and require ventilatory support
161
curare
original NMB that was used in amazonian dart poison
162
d-tubocurarine
NMB muscle relaxant like curare
163
Norcuron
vecuronium; NMB muscle relaxant
164
drugs for ventilated pts
paralytics (NMBs) are used with benzodiazepines, opioids, and propofol to prevent patients from 'fighting' mechanical ventilation (they are kept immobile)
165
opioids
in addition to treating pain, they bind to mu rc to produce 'narcotic' sleep effects (especially if combined with benzodiazepines)
166
4% cocaine solution
very common topical anesthetic; Na channel blocker
| Also has vasoconstriction qualities
167
ketamine
kappa rc agonist; most potent pain reliever we know of (besides general anesthesia)
168
atropine
congeners of this drug are used during GA to reduce secretions
Atropine is also used for dysrhythmias though, which its drying agent congeners are not used for
169
cyclopropane
inhaled anesthetic not used on humans anymore
170
Soma
carisoprodol; muscle relaxant for pain/stiffness. Work centrally, in the brain.
171
Flexeril
cyclobenzaprine; muscle relaxant for pain/stiffness. Work centrally, in the brain.
172
paralytic agents
NMBs (neuromuscular blockers); used as strong, non-sedating muscle relaxants
173
Robinul
glycopyrrolate; synthetic anticholinergic drug used as pre-operative antimuscarinic for drying agent. Reduces salivary, tracheobronchial, and pharyngeal secretions; reduces volume and free acidity of gastric secretions; and blocks cardiac vagal inhibitory reflexes during induction of GA and intubation
*will cause some increase in HR, but not as much as atropine
