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Pre-pharmacology > Module 5 drugs > Flashcards

Module 5 drugs Flashcards

1
Q

anxiolytics

A

drugs that sedate and decrease anxiety; are ‘downers’

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2
Q

sedative-hypnotics

A

minor tranquilizers; all drugs that work to depress the CNS (expect major tranquilizers)

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3
Q

alcohol

A

a sedative, ‘downer’, drug that works on CNS, by far most used anxiolytic
*can cause many seizures during withdrawls

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4
Q

opium

A

sedative used for hundreds of years

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5
Q

barbituric acid

A

synthesized by Adolf von Baeyer in 1864, which led to barbiturates later

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6
Q

Veronal

A

barbital; first barbiturate, found to produce euphoria

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7
Q

lethal injection

A

high dose of KCl to cause MI with a barbiturate before to make it painless

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8
Q

barbiturates

A

used as sedatives, antiepileptics (first ones to do so), sleeping aids, and to induce GA
But very addictive, have extremely long 1/2 lives, give nausea, and make people groggy
*too many side e’s and addiction to use indiscriminately

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9
Q

Miltown

A

meprobamate; first drug specific as a psychotropic (not just a ‘downer’ for general population use) for anxiety
Often too weak to be used for anything but anxiety
Launched as a less addictive medication for anxiety; one specific year it was 1/3 of all Rx in USA

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10
Q

benzodiazepines

A

work at GABA-A rc. Have amazing sedative properties; used for people w/anxiety disorders, GA (inducing part of it, but can’t be used for this purpose alone), seizures, and a small application as sleep aids
Great for acute use on seizures, but long term requires other medications
*tend to stop processing of new memories when used for GA (cause amnesia)
*all end with epam or olam

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11
Q

Valium

A

diazepam; benzodiazepine
Given IV to control acute seizure and to sedate parts of brain and relieve muscle pain/spasm as a muscle relaxant
Oral form lasts 8-10 hours

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12
Q

Versed

A

midazolam; benzodiazepine
Best acute seizure drug b/c can be IV, IM, or down endotracheal tube
Only AED that is remarkably effective against many types of seizures

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13
Q

Xanax

A

alprazolam; benzodiazepine commonly over Rx’ed and abused

Lasts for a number of hours and does not make pts feel hungover, hence why it is so commonly used

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14
Q

Restoril

A

temazepam; benzodiazepine used mainly for sleep b/c it lasts all night and has pretty fast onset of action
*developed to be longer lasting sleep aid version of Halcion

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15
Q

Halcion

A

triazolam; benzodiazpine used mainly to put people to sleep, with fast 10 minute onset of action orally, but only lasts 2 hours

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16
Q

Rohpynol

A

flunitrazepam; benzodiazepine; one of top date rape drugs

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17
Q

Quaalude

A

methaqualone; sedative-hypnotic that was so abused in 70s that it was banned from US and many other countries

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18
Q

antihistamines

A

used as anxiolytics that are non-addictive

Used to treat systemic inflammation/rashes

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19
Q

Vistaril, Atarax

A

hydroxyzine; 1st gen antihistamine with antiemetic and sedative properties
Also used to stop itching following an epidural

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20
Q

herbal anxiolytic remedies

A

have lack of efficacy compared to Rx drugs, but aren’t addictive and can help people who don’t have actual disease
St. John’s wort, chamomile, Valerian root, kava kava, and melatonin

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21
Q

medical marijuana

A

used for anxiety, cachexia, glaucoma, nausea, and pain
It is not analgesic, but in relieving psychological pain through sedative properties it may help people relieve physical pain

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22
Q

phenobarbital

A

barbiturate used as anti-seizure drug, but has undesirable side e’s of barbiturates (drowsiness, behavioral changes, addiction etc.)
*backup drug for treating seizures behind Dilantin/Tegretol

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23
Q

Dilantin

A

phenytoin; Na channel blocker (stabilizer); hydantoin drug used for oral maintenance prevention of partial/generalized seizures

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24
Q

Tegretol

A

carbamazepine; Na channel blocker (stabilizer), but also has other effects on Ca currents and GABA rc; anticonvulsant drug used for maintenance prevention of partial seizures

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25
Q

hydantoin drugs

A

stabilize excitable areas in brain where seizures start; fairly safe for oral maintenance therapy
*unfortunate side e of coarsening facial features and gingival hyperplasia with long term use over many years

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26
Q

GHB

A

gabbahydroxybutyrate; one of most popular date rape drugs

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27
Q

status epilepticus treatment

A

IV Fv, Versed, barbiturate like Pentothal (thiopental), Dilantin, or sometimes even a general anesthetic is required in most severe cases

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28
Q

Pentothal

A

thiopental; barbiturate anticonvulsant used IV to stop acute seizures

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29
Q

MAOIs

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors; some of best anitdepressants for severe depression
Have such bad side e’s and food interactions that only psychiatrists Rx them, for extremely bad depression
*also used for pain, anxiety, psychosis, etc.

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30
Q

TCAs and TeCAs

A

tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants; increase sensitivity of brain rc to NE and 5HT
Not nearly as good of antidepressants to Rx b/c though they are effective, they have anticholinergic side e’s that are bad (constipation, dry mouth, grogginess, tiredness, urinary issues, etc.)

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31
Q

Elavil

A

amitriptyline; prototypical TCA used to help with sleep and to treat some weird pain syndromes, like shingles

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32
Q

SSRIs and SNRIs

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin nd norepinepherine reuptake inhibitors; best tolerated antidepressants; most commonly used today

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33
Q

Prozac

A

fluoxetine; SSRI antidepressant that was first of modern ADs and is prototype

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34
Q

Cymbalta

A

duloxetine; SNRI antidepressant

Also used for neuropathic pain like fibromyalgia and works better for this than SSRIs

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35
Q

Lithobid

A

long-acting formulation of lithium; used to treat bipolar disorder

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36
Q

BD treatment

A

bipolar disorder; treat with

  1. lithium and anitdepressants
  2. antipyschotics
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37
Q

GAD treatment

A

generalized anxiety disorder; treat with

  1. antidepressants (especially Zoloft and Paxil, two SSRIs)
  2. benzodiazepines
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38
Q

Zoloft

A

sertraline; SSRI antidepressant

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39
Q

Paxil

A

paroxetine; SSRI antidepressant

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40
Q

OCD treatment

A

obsessive compulsive disorder; treat with combination of antidepressants (SNRIs like Cymbalta) and anxiolytics (like Xanax)
*tertiary treatment includes antipsychotic medication (like latest gen atypical drug Risperdal)

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41
Q

Risperdal

A

risperidone; latest gen atyptical antipyschotic, most commonly used antipsychotic in US
Used for treating agitation associated with psychosis

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42
Q

phobias treatment

A

treat with anti-anxiety drugs like Xanax, B-blockers, and SSRIs (and other antidepressants)

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43
Q

PTSD treatment

A

treat with new antidepressants and B-blockers

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44
Q

schizophrenia treatment

A

antipsychotics (major tranquilizers, neuroleptics)

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45
Q

antipsychotics

A

major tranquilizers, neuroleptics; treat psychotic ‘breaks’

Treat those who suffer from hallucinations, paranoia, and loss of touch with reality

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46
Q

phenothiazines

A 
subclass of antipsychotics
*all end with -azine
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47
Q

Thorazine

A

chlorpromazine; first neuroleptic, a phenothiazine

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48
Q

Compazine

A

prochlorperazine; phenothiazine used more often today to treat n/v

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49
Q

typical antipsychotics

A

early antipsychotics; have ‘typical’ side e’s
Extrapyramidal symptoms occur (tardive dyskinesia); tics/automation behaviors like lip smacking, neck twitching, and arm movements
*these symptoms would sometimes be permanent even after drug cessation

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50
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

newer antipsychotics; do not have as high rate of extrapyramidal symptoms (typical side e’s), but have other major side e’s

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51
Q

Seconal

A

secobarbital; barbiturate used as sleep aid, but not used much anymore b/c of abuse potential and long 1/2 life

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52
Q

nonbenzodiazepines

A

group of drugs that are basically just used as sleep aids

Have high activity at GABA-A rc; drugs of choice for short term treatment of insomnia

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53
Q

Ambien

A

zolpidem; nonbenzodiazpine used for insomnia treatment short term

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54
Q

Lunesta

A

eszopiclone; nonbenzodiazepine used for insomnia treatment short term

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55
Q

Rozerem

A 
ramelteon; first of new class of sleep agents that selectively bind and stimulate melatonin rc
*fitful dreams can be a side e
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56
Q

OTC sleep aids

A

antihistamines (1st gen that cross BBB and have anticholinergic effects), Mg (also good for cramps), or alcohol

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57
Q

NyQuil

A

liquid form has antihistamine doxylamine and alcohol

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58
Q

herbal sleep aid remedies

A

valerian root, chamomile, lemon balm, and melatonin

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59
Q

melatonin

A

secreted by pinneal gland in brain; is integral in maintaining our 24 hour sleep-wake cycle
*potentially consuming it ‘naturally’ from animal brains could transmit prions

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60
Q

ADHD treatment

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;

  1. treat with S2 amphetamines that exhibit paradoxical effect (ADHD pts. are calmed down even though they are stimulants)
  2. antipsychotics
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61
Q

Ritalin

A

methylphenidate; amphetamine-like drug used for ADHD treatment, but has high abuse potential
Long acting forms are now used b/c of having to take drugs previously at school and multiple times a day
*original amphetamine used to treat ADHD

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62
Q

insomnia treatment

A
  1. nonbenzodiazepines, melatonin rc agonsts

2. benzodiazepines

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63
Q

seizure treatment

A
  1. Dilantin, Tegretol

2. benzodiazepines, barbiturates

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64
Q

depression treatment

A
  1. antidepressants
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65
Q

psychosis treatment

A
  1. antipsychotics
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66
Q

laudanum

A

tincture of opium

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67
Q

long-term anxiety treatment

A

best treated with newer antidepressants like Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), or Paxil (paroxetine)

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68
Q

Inderal

A

propranolol; B blocker used to treat conditions like PTSD

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69
Q

Haldol

A

haloperidol; typical antipsychotic (used in 70s-90s; later than the prototypical Thorazine in the 50s)

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70
Q

Adderal

A

mixed amphetamine salts; S2 stimulant used for ADHD tx. with high abuse potential

71
Q

AEDs

A

anticonvulsants, also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or antiseizure drugs

72
Q

astringents

A

found in ‘toners’: shrink or constrict pores by coagulating skin proteins

73
Q

keratolytics

A

increase turnover rate of new skin cells, causing old skin cells to shed
Soften keratin to loosen and assist exfoliation of skin cells

74
Q

caustic agents

A

dissolve the horny layer(stratum corneum) (and deeper) of skin

75
Q

emollients

A

soften and smooth scales of skin to make them more smooth and less flaky; also are occlusive agents (provide protective layer that prevents water loss)

76
Q

moisturizers

A

introduce water to skin

77
Q

antiseptics

A

weaken/slow down growth of bacteria instead of actually killing them; pretty much just used topically and resistance is rare

78
Q

infection dermatitis treatment

A

miconazole for tinea fungal infections (types of tinea include ringworm, athlete’s foot, and jock itch)
Double/triple antibiotic creams for topical staph. or strep. bacterial infections like impetigo
Topical/oral acyclovir-like drugs for herpetic viral infections

79
Q

dermatitis tx

A

just like treating inflammation; topical preparations include antihistamines, aloe vera and other plant extracts, zinc compounds, and emollients

80
Q

Caladryl lotion

A

calamine to sooth and pramoxine as anti itch

81
Q

Cortaid

A

hydrocortisone 1% cream; least potent corticosteroid

Used for dermatitis

82
Q

Ultravate, Halox

A

halobetasol proprionate 0.05%; group 1 corticosteroid

600x stronger as hydrocortisone

83
Q

Lidex

A

fluocinonide 0.05%; group 2 corticosteroid

84
Q

Cutivate

A

fluticasone proprionate 0.005%; group 3 corticosteroid

85
Q

Locoid

A

hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1%; group 4 corticosteroid

86
Q

Kenalog, Aristocort

A

triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%; group 5 corticosteroid

87
Q

Kenalog, Aristocort A

A

triamcinolone acetonide 0.025%; group 6 corticosteroid

88
Q

hydrocortisone 1%

A

OTC corticosteroid cream; group 7 corticosteroid. Weakest of topical coritcosteroids, has poor lipid permeability, and can not penetrate mucous membranes well

89
Q

zinc oxide

A

sunblock; more popular in past

90
Q

micronized titanium dioxide

A

sunblock; more popular nowadays, less conspicuous on skin and offer substantial UVA and UVB protection

91
Q

PABA

A

para-aminobenzoic acid; one of most popular sunscreens

92
Q

Benadryl

A

diphenhydramine; antihistamine commonly used for systemic inflammation, but relatively ineffective for most skin rashes

93
Q

prednisone

A

most commonly used oral corticosteroid for systemic inflammation; Rx

94
Q

scabies tx

A

type of pediculosis; treat with isolation, hot water cleaning of clothes and bedding, and anti-parasite drugs

95
Q

Elimite, Nix

A

permethrin; anti-parasite drug (insecticide) used for pediculosis

96
Q

acne vulgaris treatment

A

toners, balancers, clarifying lotions, astringents, and more specific therapy of antibacterials, antiseptics, and keratolytics

97
Q

Benzac

A

benzoyl peroxide; organic peroxide with antiseptic and keratolytic actions. Standard OTC acne therapy
Facial use OTC concentration is 2.5-5%, while 10% is used for more severe acne of torso

98
Q

salicylic acid

A

organic acid derived from willow tree bark used as topical keratolytic for acne in low concentrations or in high concentrations to burn off warts

99
Q

Eryderm

A

erythromycin; topical antibiotic for acne vulgaris

*FDA pregnancy category C: it is not known whether erythromycin topical will harm an unborn baby

100
Q

Cleocin T

A

topical clindamycin (t for topical); antibiotic for acne vulgaris

101
Q

Minocin

A

minocycline; oral tetracycline antibiotic used for acne vulgaris

102
Q

tetracyclines

A

antibiotics used orally for acne vulgaris

103
Q

erythromycin

A

oral macrolide antibiotic used for acne vulgaris

104
Q

Rx keratolytics for acne vulgaris

A

derivatives of vitamin A ‘retinoids’; used to treat severe cystic acne
Stimulate epithelial cells to multiply rapidly and slough off (prevent stagnation and clogging of pores)

105
Q

Retin-A

A

tretinoin topical; Rx keratolytic derived from vitamin A ‘retinoids’ used for acne vulgaris

106
Q

Accutane

A

isotretinoin; oral keratolytic; oral vitamin A retinoid used to treat severe cystic acne
Known teratogen and is associated with severe psychiatric disease including depression and suicide
*used after topical keratolytics and topical/oral antibiotic have been tried

107
Q

rosacea treatment

A

no cure, but can be treated with antibiotics and topical corticosteroids
*corticosteroids are usually very mild b/c they are applied to the face

108
Q

MetroGel

A

metronidazole; nitroimidazole antibiotic used for rosacea maintenance therapy

109
Q

Compound W liquid

A

17% salicylic acid; caustic agent used qd (once/day) to burn off warts over a period of weeks

110
Q

cryotherapy for warts

A

use liquid nitrogen (in Dr.’s office) or similar gasses (dimethyl ether and propane in OTC Compound W Freeze Off) to burn off warts in just 1-2 applications; but hurts a bit

111
Q

Compound W Freeze Off

A

dimethyl ether and propane; OTC wart cryotherapy

112
Q

Rogaine

A

minoxidil; older vasodilator drug available OTC for topical use for alopecia

113
Q

Propecia

A

finasteride; newer drug for alopecia; Rx only, oral drug that blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT (the hormone largely responsible for BPH and male pattern baldness)

114
Q

sunscreen

A

absorb sun rays

115
Q

sunblock

A

reflects/blocks rays

116
Q

Solarcaine

A

benzocaine; a topical anesthetic (Na channel blocker), used after sunburn

117
Q

aloe vera gel

A

soothing, anti-inflammatory agent used after sunburn

118
Q

calamine lotion

A

used to sooth skin after sunburn

119
Q

pramoxine

A

local anesthetic used to block pain and itching

120
Q

gentamicin

A

topical aminoglycoside antibacterial for skin infections

121
Q

bacitracin

A

topical antibacterial for skin infections

122
Q

Bactroban

A

mupirocin; carboxylic acid antibiotic; topical antibacterial for skin infections

123
Q

Neosporin

A

combination topical antibiotic; triple antibiotic ointment bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin B

124
Q

Polysporin

A

combination topical antibiotic; double antibiotic ointment bacitracin and polymyxin B

125
Q

Cortisporin

A

combination topical antibiotic and corticosteroid

neomycin, polymyxin B, and hydrocoritsone in OTC strength

126
Q

Lotrimin

A

clotrimazole; topical antifungal

127
Q

Lotrisone

A

topical combination antifungal and corticosteroid; betamethasone and clotrimazole

128
Q

betamethasone

A

corticosteroid

129
Q

Zovirax

A

acyclovir; topical or oral anti-herpes drug

130
Q

Valtrex

A

valacyclovir; topical or oral anti-herpes drug

131
Q

tetracycline

A

oral antibiotic used for acne vulgaris

132
Q

Silvadene cream

A

silver sulfadiazine; sulfa medicine used to prevent and suppress infections; placed on top of burns and wounds

133
Q

LAs

A

local anesthetics; all ‘-caine; drugs
Without affecting consciousness, they prevent propagation of nerve impulses by blocking Na channels along nerve axon to produce loss of sensation
Use 1-2% for injection compared to 10% for topical use

134
Q

tetrodotoxin

A

potent Na channel blocker found in Japanese puffer fish, which causes muscle paralysis and death due to respiratory failure

135
Q

EMLA cream

A

eutectic mixture of local anesthetic; topically applied LA used to numb skin over a vein for starting IVs in children

136
Q

Zingo device

A

delivers lidocaine to skin of children undergoing venipuncture (IV) or line placement. Pressed against skin and pressurized helium gas and lidocaine painlessly numbs skin
*but each device costs $20 and can only be used once, so most people do not use them

137
Q

topical anesthetics

A

applied to skin or mucus membranes. Can be used in nose/throat so doctors can do endoscopy or minor surgery
Used often to intubate awake patients before you put them under to ensure you have airway secured

138
Q

Hurricaine spray

A

10-20% benzocaine spray; tastes very bad, but used to spray down throats/in mouths; Rx drug

139
Q

Novocaine

A

procaine; original packaged and sold LA; not used much anymore b/c it causes more allergic reactions than other caines. Also used for regional blocks for regional anesthesia.

140
Q

Xylocaine

A

lidocaine; LA that has less allergic reactions than procaine. Also used for regional blocks for regional anesthesia.

141
Q

Marcaine

A

bupivacaine; LA that has less allergic reactions than procaine. Also used for regional blocks for regional anesthesia.
Longer acting; 0.5% injection will make numb for a day

142
Q

epinepherine with LAs

A

often will add epinepherine to make LA more like cocaine b/c you can vasoconstriction and LA action, which makes drug last longer and less blood is lost during operation

143
Q

interscalene block

A

common RA approach for upper extremity surgery; use LA to block Na channels in brachial plexus

144
Q

spinal or epidural blocks

A

Use Na channel blockers (LAs) to insenate everything from ‘nipples down’ if you want to

145
Q

N2O

A

nitrous oxide; laughing gas that has pain relieving properties, but does not put people to sleep

146
Q

diethyl ether

A

original anesthetic gas used to put people to sleep
Not used on humans anymore
*used exclusively for 70 years, but replaced by halothane b/c ether makes people vomit, sneeze, cough, gurgle, etc.

147
Q

chloroform

A

anesthetic gas not used to put people to sleep anymore; used before ether was created

148
Q

drugs for pre-anesthesia

A

sedative hypnotics and/or opioid analgesics
Most common sedative hypnotic for this purpose is Versed (midazolam)
Most common opioid for this purpose is mu rc agonist Sublimaze (fentanyl) and Sufenta (sufentanil)

149
Q

Sublimaze

A

fentanyl; potent mu rc agonist used for pre-anesthesia

150
Q

Sufenta

A

sufentanil; potent mu rc agonist used for pre-anesthesia

151
Q

Versed

A

midazolam; benzodiazepine commonly used for pre-anesthesia

152
Q

Pentothal

A

thiopental; barbiturate previously used to induce GA, but it caused nausea and prolonged anesthesia, so has now been replaced by Diprivan (propofol)

153
Q

Diprivan

A

propofol; GA induction agent used by IV admin.
Produces rapid loss of consciousness and prevents postoperative nausea (also helps counter nauseating effects of opioids)
*very dangerous b/c can cause respiratory depression and death

154
Q

anesthesia maintenance drugs

A

potent inhaled anesthetics (given through vaporizer) or IV infusions of Diprivan

155
Q

halothane

A

inhaled anesthetic invented in 40s/50s that replaced ether, but not used anymore on humans
*still used in veterinary medicine b/c it is inexpensive

156
Q

Ultane

A

sevoflurane; newer inhaled anesthetic that has tremendous advantages over older agents

157
Q

IV anesthetics

A

used in combination with inhaled anesthetics to: supplement GA, maintain GA, provide sedation, control BP, and protect brain

158
Q

muscle relaxants

A

most people refer to sedative hypnotics that work centrally to relax brain and decrease motor activity going out to muscles, but when anesthesiologists talk about it they are referring to NMBs (paralytics)

159
Q

NMBs

A

neuromuscular blockers; paralytic agents; muscle relaxants derived from amazonian dart poison
Natagonize nicotinic Ach rc at neuromuscular junction
*have no sedative effects on brain

160
Q

NMBs use in operating room

A

used in anesthesia and ICUs to facilitate endotracheal intubation and in OR to allow less use of inhaled drugs and gives surgeons good operating conditions (relaxes muscles to make cuts easier)
Give all by IV and require ventilatory support

161
Q

curare

A

original NMB that was used in amazonian dart poison

162
Q

d-tubocurarine

A

NMB muscle relaxant like curare

163
Q

Norcuron

A

vecuronium; NMB muscle relaxant

164
Q

drugs for ventilated pts

A

paralytics (NMBs) are used with benzodiazepines, opioids, and propofol to prevent patients from ‘fighting’ mechanical ventilation (they are kept immobile)

165
Q

opioids

A

in addition to treating pain, they bind to mu rc to produce ‘narcotic’ sleep effects (especially if combined with benzodiazepines)

166
Q

4% cocaine solution

A

very common topical anesthetic; Na channel blocker

Also has vasoconstriction qualities

167
Q

ketamine

A

kappa rc agonist; most potent pain reliever we know of (besides general anesthesia)

168
Q

atropine

A

congeners of this drug are used during GA to reduce secretions
Atropine is also used for dysrhythmias though, which its drying agent congeners are not used for

169
Q

cyclopropane

A

inhaled anesthetic not used on humans anymore

170
Q

Soma

A

carisoprodol; muscle relaxant for pain/stiffness. Work centrally, in the brain.

171
Q

Flexeril

A

cyclobenzaprine; muscle relaxant for pain/stiffness. Work centrally, in the brain.

172
Q

paralytic agents

A

NMBs (neuromuscular blockers); used as strong, non-sedating muscle relaxants

173
Q

Robinul

A

glycopyrrolate; synthetic anticholinergic drug used as pre-operative antimuscarinic for drying agent. Reduces salivary, tracheobronchial, and pharyngeal secretions; reduces volume and free acidity of gastric secretions; and blocks cardiac vagal inhibitory reflexes during induction of GA and intubation
*will cause some increase in HR, but not as much as atropine

Pre-pharmacology (27 decks)

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