Chapter 19 (dermatological drugs) Flashcards
astringents
found in ‘toners’: shrink or constrict pores by coagulating skin proteins
keratolytics
increase turnover rate of new skin cells, causing old skin to shed
Soften keratin to loosen and assist exfoliation of skin cells
caustic agents
dissolve the horny layer (and deeper) of skin
horny layer
stratum corneum; outermost layer of epidermis; consists of layers of dead skill cells that shed through process of desquamation
emollients
soften and smooth scales of skin to make them more smooth and less flaky; also are occlusive agents (provide a protective layer that prevents water loss)
moisturizers
introduce water to skin
antiseptics
weaken/slow down growth of bacteria instead of actually killing them; pretty much just used topically and resistance is rare
eczema
vague term meaning dermatitis, which is skin inflammation
most common causes of eczema
- irritant dermatitis
- atopy
- infections
irritant dermatitis
from exposure to environmental irritants (including sunburn)
atopic dermatitis
atopic implies allergic phenomenon; genetic predisposition to dermatitis; a type of allergy
Skin becomes inflammed when exposed to allergen (pollens, foods, metals, and chemicals)
atopic triad
eczema, hay fever, and asthma
infection dermatitis
skin inflammation caused by an infection
Miconazole for tinea fungal infections (types of tinea include ringworm, athlete’s foot and jock itch)
Double/triple antibiotic creams applied to topical staph. or strep. bacterial infections like impetigo
Topical/oral acyclovir-like drugs for herpetic viral infections
Vaccines to prevent genital warts
sunburn
type of irritant dermatitis; irritant is UV radiation. Skin is inflamed secondary to ‘overdose’ of radiation
treating dermatitis
just like treating inflammation; topical preparations include antihistamines, aloe vera and other plant extracts, zinc compounds, and emollients
Caladryl lotion
calamine to sooth and pramoxine as anti itch
Cortaid
hydrocortisone 1% cream; least potent coritcosteroid
Used for dermatitis
Ultravate, Halox
halobetasol proprionate 0.05%; group 1 corticosteroid (600x stronger than hydrocortisone)
Lidex
fluocinonide 0.05%; group 2 corticosteroid
Cutivate
fluticasone proprionate 0.005%; group 3 corticosteroid
Locoid
hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1%; group 4 corticosteroid
Kenalog, Aristocort
triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%; group 5 corticosteroid
Kenalog, Aristocort A
triamcinolone acetonide 0.025%; group 6 corticosteroid
hydrocortisone 1%
OTC group 7 corticosteroid; weakest of topical corticosteroids, has poor lipid permeability, and can not penetrate mucous membranes well
zinc oxide
sunblock; more popular in past
micronized titanium dioxide
sunblock; more popular nowadays, less conspicuous on skin and offer substantial UVA and UVB protection
PABA
para-aminobenzoic acid; one of most popular sunscreens
antihistamines
used to treat systemic inflammation/rashes
Benadryl
diphenhydramine; antihistamine commonly used for systemic inflammation, but relatively ineffective for most skin rashes
prednisone
most commonly used oral corticosteroid for systemic inflammation; Rx
Pediculosis
common skin infection; infestation by tiny insect-like creatures (most commonly head/body lice, scabies mites, and chigger mites)
Cause intensely pruritic rash (itchy)
scabies
type of pediculosis; has characteristic ‘linier’ lesion that resembles tunneling underneath skin
‘angry’ lesions are spread to other people and made worse by itching
Treat by isolation, hot water cleaning of clothes and bedding, and anti-parasite drugs
Elimite, Nix
permethrin; anti-parasite drug (insecticide) used for scabies/pediculosis
acne vulgaris
acne; both inflammation and infection play a role
Caused by clogged pores and overactive sebaceous glands
*sebum stagnation occurs, which is an ideal environment for bacterial growth
rosacea
‘adult form of acne’ (but different process from acne vulgaris); characterized by pustules (bulging patches of skin full of pus), erythema (superficial reddening of skin), and telangiectasias (dilated small BVs on skin or mucous membranes)
ance vulgaris treatment
toners, balancers, clarifying lotions, astringents, and more specific therapy of antibacterials, antiseptics, and keratolytics
Benzac
benzoyl peroxide; organic peroxide with antiseptic and keratolytic actions. Standard OTC acne therapy
Facial use OTC concentration is 2.5-5%, while 10% is more fore severe acne of torso
salicylic acid
organic acid derived from willow tree bark used as a topical keratolytic for acne in low concentrations or high concentrations to burn off warts
Eryderm
erythromycin; topical antibiotic for acne vulgaris
*FDA pregnancy category C: it is not known whether erythromycin topical will harm an unborn baby
Cleocin T
topical clindamycin (t for topical); antibiotic for acne vulgaris
Minocin
minocycline; oral tetracycline antibiotic used for acne vulgaris
tetracyclines
antibiotics used orally for acne vulgaris
erythromycin
oral macrolide antibiotic used for acne vulgaris
Rx keratolytics for acne vulgaris
derivatives of vitamin A ‘retinoids’
Stimulate epithelial cells to multiply rapidly and slough-off (prevent stagnation and clogging of pores)
Retin-A
tretinoin topical; Rx keratolytic derived from vitamin A ‘retinoids’ used for acne vulgaris
oral vitamin A retinoids
used to treat severe cystic acne
Accutane
isotretinoin; oral keratolytic; oral vitamin A retinoid used to treat severe cystic acne
Known teratogen and is associated with severe psychiatric disease including depression and suicidal ideation
*used after topical keratolytics and topical/oral antibiotics have been tried
rosacea treatment
no cure, but can be treated with antibiotics and topical corticosteroids
*corticosteroids are usually very mild b/c they are applied to the face
MetroGel
metronidazole; nitroimidazoles antibiotic used for rosacea maintenance therapy
Compound W liquid
17% salicylic acid; caustic agent used qd (once/day) to burn off warts over a period of weaks
cryotherapy for warts
using liquid nitrogen (in doctor’s office) or similar gasses (dimethyl ether and propane in OTC Compound W Freeze off) to burn off wart in just 1-2 applications; but hurts a bit
Compound W Freeze Off
dimethyl ether and propane; OTC wart cryotherapy
alopecia
hair loss/baldness
Rogaine
minoxidil; older vasodilator drug available OTC for topical use for alopecia
*2% for women, 5% for men
Propecia
finasteride; newer drug for alopecia; Rx only, oral drug that blocks conversion of testosterone to DHT (the hormone largely responsible for BPH and male pattern baldness)
sunscreen
absorb sun rays
sunblock
reflects/blocks rays
Solarcaine
benzocaine; a topical local anesthetic (sodium channel blocker), used after sunburn
aloe vera gel
soothing, anti-inflammatory agent used after sunburn
calamine lotion
used to soothe skin after sunburn
gentamicin
topical aminoglycoside antibacterial for skin infections
bacitracin
topical antibacterial for skin infections
Bactroban
mupirocin; carboxylic acid antibiotic; topical antibacterial for skin infections
Neosporin
combination topical antibiotic; triple antibiotic ointment
bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin B
Polysporin
combination topical antibiotic; double antibiotic ointment
bacitracin and polymyxin B
Cortisporin
combination topical antibiotic and corticosteroid
neomycin, polymyxin B, and hydrocortisone in OTC strength
Lotrimin
clotrimazole; topical antifungal
Lotrisone
topical combination antifungal and corticosteroid;
betamethasone and clotrimazole
Zovirax
acyclovir; topical or oral anti-herpes drug
Valtrex
valacyclovir; topical or oral anti-herpes drug
tetracycline
oral antibiotic used for acne vulgaris
Silvadene cream
silver sulfadiazine; sulfa medicine used to prevent and suppress infections; placed on top of burns and wounds
