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Pre-pharmacology > Chapter 17 (gastrointestinal drugs) > Flashcards

Chapter 17 (gastrointestinal drugs) Flashcards

1
Q

phosphodisesterase inhibitors

A

like caffeine; lower pressure of lower esophageal sphincter and made stomach more acidic which contributes to GERD

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2
Q

nicotine and alcohol

A

lower LES pressure to contribute to GERD

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3
Q

LES

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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4
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

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5
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease; inflammation/ulceration of stomach lining; includes acid and pepsin destroying inner lining of stomach and esophagus
Includes other related diseases like GERD

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6
Q

natural stomach protectors against PUD

A

protective mucus and bicarbonate

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7
Q

ARD

A

acid-related disorders; many gastric problems are caused by excessive acid stripping away protective mucus barrier, which results in autodigestion of stomach lining by pepsin (proteolytic enzyme)

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8
Q

dyspepsia

A

indigestion; can be caused from stress that is not being coped with, which can lead to ulcers if things progress and get worse
*prohylaxis anti-ulcer treatment is used before surgeries so stress ulcers do not develop from physical/emotional stress to pt.

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9
Q

heartburn

A

usually a combination of acid problem and gastroesophageal reflux

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10
Q

1/2 of family practice doctors appointments are related to…

A

anxiety/depression

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11
Q

contributors to PUD

A

ASA or other NSAID use, alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, H. pylori infection, severe psychological stress, and traumatic (physical) stress

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12
Q

ARD treatment

A

most of the time we focus on decreasing or neutralizing HCl; to actually cure disease you must treat it for long period of time to allow for the epithelium to heal

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13
Q

oral antacids

A

neutralize HCl; can be in liquid or tablet form to treat ARD. Ca antacids have added benefit of supplementing extra calcium in those who need it.
*but for PUD and gastritis recurrence was common and scarring often resulted in gastric outlet obstruction, while hemorrhage and perforation were frequent life-threatening events

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14
Q

Amphojel

A

aluminum salt antacid

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15
Q

Tums

A

calcium salt antacid

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16
Q

Milk of magnesia

A

magnesium salt antacids; tend to cause loose stools/diarrhea (it is also used as a laxative)

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17
Q

combination antacids

A

cut down of tendency of single formulations to either produce loosened stool or constipation

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18
Q

magnesium

A

stool regulator; orally it is not absorbed much and just pulls water into GI tract to loosen stool

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19
Q

Maalox

A

combination antacid of magnesium salts and aluminum hydroxides; neutral for stool b/c of Mg and Al countering each other

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20
Q

Riopan

A

combination antacid of aluminum salts and simethicone

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21
Q

Rolaids

A

combination antacid of calcium and magnesium salts

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22
Q

baking soda

A

antacid; very effective for indigestion, but contains large amount of sodium that causes rebound acid a few hours later

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23
Q

simethicone

A

reduces surface tension or liquids so that bubbles don’t form; used for ‘gas’
*inert and has low side e’s

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24
Q

H2 blockers

A

antihistamines that only block H2 rc; dramatically reduced the number of ulcer surgeries needed
Now OTC will full strength as Rx
*some of them work better in certain people

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25
Q

Tagamet

A

cimetidine; first H2 blocker, used for ARD

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26
Q

Zantac

A

ranitidine; H2 blocker, used for ARD

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27
Q

Pepcid

A

famotidine, calcium, and magnesium salts used as combination ARC treatment; H2 blocker and antacids

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28
Q

PPIs

A

proton pump inhibitors; decrease H pumped into stomach from parietal cells
Now OTC same strength as Rx
*all named -prazole

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29
Q

Prilosec

A

omeprazole; PPI

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30
Q

Prevacid

A

lansoprazole; PPI

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31
Q

Nexium

A

esomeprazole, ‘Purple Pill’; PPI

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32
Q

combining antacids with H2 blockers

A

works great

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33
Q

combining PPIs with H2 blockers

A

very bad; causes atrophic gastritis where the smooth lining of stomach can become precancerous

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34
Q

Pepcid Complete

A

famotidine, Ca carbonate, and Mg hydroxide

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35
Q

H. pylori

A

bacterium which is highly associated with development of peptic ulcers
People with this infection often associated with much worse acid-related symptoms

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36
Q

Pepto-Bismol

A

bismuth subsalicylate; indicated for treating heartburn, but is actually a very weak antacid, but does have antisecretory activity in gut to decrease water in stool and absorbs toxins caused by E. coli for diarrhea (acts locally)
Very good for augmenting therapy with travelers diarrhea

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37
Q

H. pylori infection treatment

A

amoxicillin or clarithromycin (Biaxin, a macrolide) and a PPI

38
Q

PrevPac

A

H. pylori treatment has been vastly simplified by this combination of amoxicillin, carithromycin, and lansoprazole

39
Q

opioid drugs for diarrhea

A

have anticholinergic properties used to treat diarrhea; typically the ones used do not induce euphoria and have lower addictive potential

40
Q

codeine

A

opioid drug used to treat diarrhea b/c of parasympatholytic effects

41
Q

Paregoric

A

tincture of morphine used for diarrhea; NO LONGER AVAILABLE

42
Q

Lomotil

A

diphenoxylate and atropine; opioid mixture used to treat diarrhea. Rx

43
Q

Imodium

A

loperamide; synthetically produced opioid congener used just for diarrhea. OTC

44
Q

bulk agents

A

binding agents; inert, non-digestable fiber that binds free water in gut to treat constipation or diarrhea
Contain cellulose fibers similar to Kaolin-Pectin used for diarrhea; they hold on to water to increase bulk

45
Q

Kaopectate

A

kaolin and pectin; bulk (binding) agents for diarrhea

46
Q

infectious diarrhea treatment (traveler’s diarrhea)

A

Septra (TMP-SMX ), Cipro (ciproflaxacin), Vibramycin (doxycycline)

47
Q

Konsyl

A

bulk agent laxative; pure psyllium fiber inside is key ingredient (can also treat diarrhea).
Psyllium is fiber: retains water in colon so stool doesn’t dry out to treat constipation, but can also ‘soak up’ excess water to treat diarrhea

48
Q

oatmeal

A

acts like a binding agent for diarrhea treatment (or constipation)

49
Q

Metamucil

A

bulk agent laxative

50
Q

stool softeners and lubricants

A

slowly work (over hours to days) to create a film around stool which allows retention of moisture

51
Q

Colace

A

contains docusate; stool softener

52
Q

mineral oil

A

lubricant for constipation; should only be used for short periods to avoid significant absorption

53
Q

irritant/stimulant drugs

A

purgatives that stimulate vigorous bowel peristalsis

54
Q

exercise

A

helps increase peristalsis of bowels; why so many elderly have constipation is because they do not move around much

55
Q

castor oil

A

irritant/stimulant for constipation

56
Q

sennosides

A

similar to irritant/stimulant for constipation; active ingredients in Ex-Lax

57
Q

salt solutions

A

used as laxatives

58
Q

Fleets enema

A

saline; salt solution used for laxative

59
Q

hypertonic magnesium citrate solutions

A

used as bowel preps before colonoscopy or surgery

60
Q

magnesium salts

A

attract water by osmosis into bowel lumen as a laxative

61
Q

Epsom salts

A

hypertonic magnesium salt used as laxative

62
Q

Mag Citrate

A

hypertonic magnesium salt used as laxative

63
Q

fleet enemas

A

pre-prepared enemas for laxative

64
Q

enema prep kits

A

meant to hang in bathtub; laxative

65
Q

Phenergan

A

promethazine; 1st gen antihistamine used for anticholingergic properties as an anti-emetic

66
Q

Dramamine

A

dimenhydrinate; antihistamine used for antiemetic properties from anticholinergic effects

67
Q

Transderm-Scop

A

scopolamine; anticholingergic antiemetic

68
Q

antiemetics

A

used for nausea/vomiting, vertigo, and motion sickness

69
Q

antipsychotics and dopamine antagonists

A

have antiemetic effect

70
Q

Compazine

A

prochlorperazine; dopamine antagonist used as antipsychotic drug, but also for n/v. Can be given p.o., parenterally, or rectally

71
Q

n/v

A

nausea/vomiting

72
Q

corticosteroids

A

mainly dexamethasone used for n/v after chemotherapy

73
Q

benzodiazepines

A

used to treat n/v secondary to anxiety

74
Q

cannabinoids

A

used as antiemetics and useful for glaucoma patients to reduce eye pressure

75
Q

Marinol

A

dronabinol; cannabinoid with THC as active ingredient

76
Q

5-HT type 3 rc antagonists

A

serotonin type 3 rc antagonists; most recent and most effective antinausea drugs
When 5-HT type 3 rc are stimulated they send out vagus nerve signals that stimulate vomiting
Used for chemo patients, anesthesia patients, and even pregnancy induced n/v

77
Q

Zofran

A

ondansetron; 5-HT type 3 rc. antagonist for n/v

78
Q

Anzemet

A

dolasetron; 5-HT type 3 rc. antagonist for n/v

79
Q

emetics

A

given to conscious patients as soon as possible for poisoning treatment to prevent absorption

80
Q

ipecac syrup

A

given as emetic for poisoning; not used much anymore b/c can be dangerously emetogenic

81
Q

activated coal (charcoal)

A

used for poisoning (more popular now than ipecac syrup); binds to other drugs so they cannot be absorbed into blood stream

82
Q

hemodialysis

A

used for poisoning by filtering out toxin that has been absorbed already

83
Q

amphetamine-like ‘uppers’

A

Rx weight loss drugs that suppress appetites and increase metabolism; but not used much anymore after Fen-Phen fiasco in 97 when it caused heart attacks
*but phentermine is still used sometimes

84
Q

Meridia

A

SNRI antidepressant; suppresses appetite

*was very dangerous and was PULLED FROM MARKET

85
Q

lipase inhibitors

A

first and only non-stimulant weight loss drugs; causes greasy poop b/c fat is not broken and absorbed so it remains in feces

86
Q

Xenical

A

orlistat; Rx lipase inhibitor to reduce caloric fat intake for weight loss

87
Q

Alli

A

lower dose version of Xenical (orlistat); a lipase inhibitor for weight loss

88
Q

glycerin suppositories

A

draws water into bowel for constipation

89
Q

Benadryl

A

diphenhydramine; first gen antihistamine used as antiemetic from anticholinergic effect

90
Q

medical marijuana

A

legal in some states to treat n/v and weight loss associated with cancer and AIDS

91
Q

Cortenema

A

hydrocortisone; corticosteroid given by enema as potent anti-inflammatory in cases of severe Crohn’s disease or Ulcerative colitis

92
Q

congener

A

“___“-like drug

Pre-pharmacology (27 decks)

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