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Pre-pharmacology > Chapter 11b (antivirals and antifungals) > Flashcards

Chapter 11b (antivirals and antifungals) Flashcards

1
Q

acyclovir

A

Treated herpes infections like Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infections (cold sores/fever blisters) and type 2 infections (genital herpes)
First good antiviral drugs that came out in the 1970s (started to be used in 1980s primarily)

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2
Q

Symmetrel

A

amantadine; first of antivirals to prevent influenza

Too many side e’s so not used much

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3
Q

Relenza

A

zanamivir; neuraminidase inhibitor to treat flu

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4
Q

Tamiflu

A

oseltamivir; neuraminidase inhibitor to treat flu

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5
Q

H and N in flu naming (H1N1)

A

hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (surface proteins on virus)

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6
Q

IIV3 and IIV4

A

two inactivated vaccines for flu

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7
Q

LAIV; Fluzone

A

FluMist; new quadrivalent live vaccine (two types of influenza A and B)

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8
Q

TIV

A

trivalent influenza vaccine; good against two types of influenza A and one type of influenza B

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9
Q

Zovirax

A

acyclovir; treats Herpes infections including Simplex type 1 and type 2 infections (cold sores and genital herpes)
Originally a topical cream applied directly to cold sores, then a more effective 5/day pill (could not cure disease, but would make the current outbreak heal in 3-4 days instead of 2-3 weeks)

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10
Q

herpetic viruses

A

diseases never really go away, as they often store inside body and reemerge later; all cause infections that result in blisters on erythematous (red) base of skin, later the blisters dry up and scab over

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11
Q

Varicella

A

Herpes-zoster virus; causes chicken pox and shingles.
This virus enters dorsal root ganglia of nerve in spine and stays dormant for decades then when people are old with compromised immune systems it reemerges as shingles instead of chicken pox

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12
Q

Valtrex

A

valacyclovir; much more popular drug for herpes b/c it is 1-2 pills/day instead of 5 like with Zovirax

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13
Q

Famvir

A

famciclovir; much more popular drug for herpes b/c it is 1-2 pills/day instead of 5 like with Zovirax

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14
Q

HZV

A

Herpes-Zoster virus; causes chicken pox in kids and shingles in older adults (usually)

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15
Q

AIDS

A

spread by direct contact of body fluids; causes a sharp drop in number of T-lymphocytes

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16
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

cancerous disease that pretty much only happens in people with AIDS b/c their immune system is not effective so cancer can develop easily

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17
Q

NRTIs

A

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; nukes; prevent HIV replication through inhibiting RNA to DNA

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18
Q

AZT

A

zidovudine; first NRTI found to be effective for lessening severity of AIDS and only one available in the early 1990s

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19
Q

NNRTIs

A

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; bind directly to reverse transcriptase (at a site different than the nucleoside binding site)
Originally sold for $53 a day, which made people very upset

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20
Q

PIs

A 
protease inhibitors; target viral protease enzyme needed in final stages of viral replication to get proteins into correct form to yield new viruses
most potent class of HIV antiviral drugs
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21
Q

AIDS treatments

A

NARTIs, NNRTIs, and PIs (nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors)

22
Q

HAART

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy; combination of 3-4 AIDS drugs used synergistically

23
Q

compliance with AIDS treatment

A

compliance is bad b/c the pill burden is very high (many pills must be taken every day) and there are adverse effects; non-compliance causes drug resistance

24
Q

Atripla

A

two nukes and one non-nuke AIDS combination; created to reduce pill burden and simplify dosing schedule, but is $1800 a month

25
Q

RSV

A

respiratory syncytial virus; causes upper respiratory tract infections and is similar to other respiratory viruses (rhinovirus, echinovirus, coxsackie virus)
Causes cold-like symptoms, except in infants it is very dangerous

26
Q

ribavirin

A

synthetic nucleoside anti-metabolite drug that interferes with gene duplication; used to treat many deadly viruses including RSV, hemorrhagic fevers (like ebola), Hantavirus (Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome), and Hepatitis C (used in combination with interferons)

27
Q

interferons

A

produced by WBCs to modulate immune system and used to treat diseases like MS with B-interferon

28
Q

B-interferon

A

used to treat diseases like MS, but treatment is $5-6k a month

29
Q

Cachexia

A

wasting syndrome; common with AIDS patients or others with chronic illness
Lack of appetite and increased metabolism from fighting disease leads to wasting

30
Q

drugs for cachexia

A

steroid hormones (AASs like DHT), progesterone-like hormones (like Megace), and cannabis drugs that all stimulate appetites

31
Q

Megace

A

megestrol; progesterone-like hormone that is an appetite stimulator

32
Q

Marinol

A

dronabinol; THC drug that stops nausea/vomiting and increases appetite equal to actual marijuana

33
Q

budding yeast form of fungi

A

typically cause infections on mucous membranes

34
Q

filamentous hyphae form of fungi

A

typically cause infections on skin; dermatophytes

35
Q

C. albicans

A

fungi that causes thrush on tongue or vaginal yeast infections

36
Q

Nystatin

A

one of first effective antifungals; never given by IV or any other systemic administration method b/c it is very toxic
It is not absorbed through GI tract though, so can be given enterally and exert topical effects in GI tract w/o entering systemic circulation

37
Q

miconazole

A

azole antifungal; good for topical use (like thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and ringworm), not systemic

38
Q

clotrimazole

A

azole antifungal; good for topical use (like thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and ringworm), not systemic

39
Q

most superficial fungal infections are treated by…

A

topical applications of miconazole or clotrimazole; for dermatophyte infections

40
Q

onychomycosis

A

toenail fungal infection; must be treated systemically b/c topicals will not enter nailbed

41
Q

OTC hydrocortisone treatments

A

have very low hydrocortisone levels and are almost useless

42
Q

Lotrisone

A

betamethasone and clotrimazole; combo of tow potent drugs to treat either allergy or fungal infection
basically no side e’s from topical use

43
Q

allergy or fungal infection?

A

Many times you can’t tell which it is base don the rash, so a corticosteroid and antifungal will be prescribed (Lotrisone) to treat both options and not important to get exact diagnoses unless it comes back or doesn’t go away

44
Q

betamethasone

A

corticosteroid

45
Q

systemic antifungal treatment length

A

even a benign infection like toenail fungus requires 3 months of Rx oral therapy (like Lamisil)

46
Q

Lamisil

A

terbinafine; azole systemic antifungal; treats toenail fungus as oral systemic antifungal (a go to), well tolerated, OTC

47
Q

Sporanox

A

treats toenail fungus as oral systemic antifungal

48
Q

deep fungal infections

A

usually only occur in people with compromised immune systems; fungal infection of deep internal organ

49
Q

Difulcan

A

fluconazole; azole systemic antifungal (a go to), well tolerated

50
Q

amphotericin B

A

“amphoterrible”; first antigunal for systemic infections; so toxic that it was not used on anything but the most serious infections

51
Q

Gardasil vaccine

A

antiviral vaccine that prevents development of human papilloma virus, which can cause cervical cancer

52
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a life-threatening lung infection that can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those infected with HIV. Caused by fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.

Pre-pharmacology (27 decks)

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