Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pre-pharmacology > Chapter 20 (anesthetics) > Flashcards

Chapter 20 (anesthetics) Flashcards

1
Q

anesthesia

A

total or partial loss of awareness and sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

topical, local, and regional anesthesia

A

all use same drugs, just administered differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

general anesthesia

A

numbs the brain by using centrally-acting drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

LAs

A

local anesthetics; all are ‘caine’ drugs
Without affecting consciousness, they prevent propagation of nerve impulses by blocking Na channels along nerve axon to produce loss of sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tetrodotoxin

A

potent sodium channel blacker found in Japanese puffer fish, which causes muscle paralysis and death due to respiratory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pain relieving properties of anesthetics allows…

A

surgeries to be performed without patients going into shock from pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

topical anesthesia

A

accomplished using Na channel blocker creams, gels, ointments, or sprays to relieve pain, itching, and irritation due to bites, burns, scrapes, sunburn, or rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EMLA cream

A

eutectic mixture of local anesthetic; topically applied LA used to numb skin over a vein for starting IVs in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Zingo device

A

delivers lidocaine to skin of children undergoing venipuncture (IV) or line placement. Pressed against skin and pressurized helium gas and lidocaine painlessly numbs skin
*but each device costs $20 and can only be used once, so most people do not use them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

topical anesthetics

A

applied to skin or mucous membranes. Can be used in nose/throat so doctors can do endoscopy or minor surgery.
Used often to intubate awake patients before you put them under to ensure you have the airway secured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hurricaine spray

A

10-20% benzocaine spray; tastes very bad, but used to spray down throats/in mouth; Rx only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

local anesthesia

A

produced with Na channel blockers (same drugs as with topical, but just in different formulations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Novocain

A

procaine; original packaged and sold LA; not used much anymore b/c it causes more allergic reactions than other caines. Also used for regional blocks for regional anesthesia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Xylocaine

A

lidocaine; LA that has less allergic reactions than procaine. Also used for regional blocks for regional anesthesia.
Short acting, lasts 1.5-2.5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Marcaine

A

bupivacaine; LA that has less allergic reactions than procaine. Also used for regional blocks for regional anesthesia.
Longer acting; 0.5% injection will make numb for a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

local anesthetics

A

uses 1-2% concentration of caine drugs for injection, compared to like 10% for topical use
Often will add epinepherine to make it more like cocaine b/c then you get Na channel block combined with vasoconstriction, which makes drug last longer and less blood is lost in operation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

RA

A

regional anesthesia; use various LAs to cause nerve block and lead to entire areas of body going numb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

interscalene block

A

common RA approach for upper extremity surgery; use LA to block Na channels in brachial plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

spinal or epidural blocks

A

can render insensate everything from ‘nipples down’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

N2O

A

nitrous oxide; laughing gas that has pain-relieving properties, but does not put people to sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

diethyl ether

A

original anesthetic gas used to put people to sleep
Not used on humans anymore
*used exclusively for 70 years, but replaced by halothane b/c it makes people vomit, sneeze, cough, gurgle, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chloroform

A

anesthetic gas used to put people to sleep before ether; not used on humans anymore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

softening people up

A

pre-anesthesia administered in holding room or pre-op area with a sedative hypnotic and/or opioid analgesic
Used to slowly start sedating person to relieve anxiety; usually it is easier on people and they recover more quickly when slowly eased into anesthesia

24
Q

drugs for pre-anesthesia

A

sedative hypnotics and/or opioid analgesics
Most common sedative hypnotic is benzodiazepine Versed (midazolam)
Most comomon opioid is mu rc agonist Sublimaze (fentanyl) and Sufenta (sufentanil)

25
Q

Sublimaze

A

fentanyl; potent mu rc agonist used for pre-anesthesia

26
Q

Sufenta

A

sufentanil; potent mu rc agonist used for pre-anethesia

27
Q

Versed

A

midazolam; benzodiazepine used for pre-anesthesia

28
Q

induction of anesthesia

A

In operating room GA is started with IV ‘induction agent’
uses same drugs as for pre-anesthesia (sedative hypnotics and opioid narcotics) as well as propofol to put someone to sleep

29
Q

GA

A

general anesthesia

30
Q

Pentothal

A

thiopental; barbiturate previously used to induce GA, but caused nausea and prolonged anesthesia and has now been replaced by Diprivan (propofol)

31
Q

Diprivan

A

propofol; GA induction agent used by IV admin. Produces rapid loss of consciousness and prevent postoperative nausea (also helps counter nausea brought about from opioids)
*very dangerous b/c can cause respiratory depression and death

32
Q

maintenance of anesthesia

A

continued anesthesia achieved by potent inhaled anesthetics (given through vaporizer) or IV infusions of Diprivan (propofol) to keep patient asleep

33
Q

halothane

A

inhaled anesthetic invented in 1940s/50s that replaced ether, but not used anymore on humans
*still used in veterinary medicine b/c it is inexpensive

34
Q

Ultane

A

sevoflurane; newer inhaled anesthetic that has tremendous advantages over ether

35
Q

IV anesthetics

A

used in combination with inhaled anesthetics to: supplement GA, maintain GA, provide sedation, control BP, and protect brain

36
Q

muscle relaxants

A

most people are referring to sedative hypnotic drugs that work centrally to relax brain and decrease motor activity going out to muscles, but when anesthesiologists use this term they are talking about NMBs

37
Q

NMBs

A

neuromuscular blockers; paralytic agents; muscle relaxants derived from amazonian dart poison
Antagonize nicotinic Ach rc at neuromuscular junction
*have no sedative effect on brain

38
Q

NMBs in operating room

A

used in anesthesia and ICUs to facilitate endotracheal intubation and in OR to allow less use of inhaled drugs and gives surgeon good operating conditions (relaxes belly muscles to make it easier to make cuts)
Given by IV and all require ventilatory support

39
Q

curare

A

original NMB that was used in amazonian dart poison

40
Q

d-tubocurarine

A

NMB muscle relaxant like curare

41
Q

Norcuron

A

vecuronium; NMB muscle relaxant

42
Q

ventilated patients

A

paralytics (NMBs) are used with benzodiazepines, opioids, and propofol to prevent patients from ‘fighting’ mechanical ventilation (keep them immobile)

43
Q

opioid sleep effects

A

in addition to treating pain, they bind to mu rc to produce ‘narcotic’, sleep inducing effects (especially if combined with benzodiazepines)
Used with Diprivan (propofol) is very popular b/c it sedates patient, but also inhibits nausea caused by opioids

44
Q

4% cocaine solution

A

very common topical anesthetic; Na channel blocker

45
Q

ketamine

A

kappa rc agonist; most potent pain reliever we know of (besides general anesthesia)

46
Q

atropine

A

congeners of this drug are used during general anesthesia to reduce secretions
Atropine is used for dysrhythmias though, which its drying agent congeners are not used for

47
Q

cyclopropane

A

inhaled anesthetic not used on humans anymore

48
Q

Valium

A

diazepam; benzodiazepine sedative hypnotic used to sedate parts of brain and relieve muscle pain/spasm as a muscle relaxant

49
Q

Soma

A

carisoprodol; muscle relaxant for pain/stiffness

50
Q

Flexeril

A

cyclobenzaprine; muscle relaxant for pain/stiffness

51
Q

paralytic agents

A

NMBs (neuromuscular blockers); used as strong, non-sedating muscle relaxants

52
Q

most common drug administered to ventilated pts

A

oxygen; given to pretty much any pt. in emergency situation and in intensive care settings

53
Q

ideal GA induction agent qualities

A

best given by IV, to produce a rapid loss of consciousness; any weakening of muscles would be a plus too b/c of the syngergism with actions of NMBs

54
Q

benzodiazepines

A

sedative hypnotics that above all else in anesthesia, impart amnesia on pts., but also useful for inducing part of induction (but can’t be used alone for inducing GA)

55
Q

Robinul

A

glycopyrrolate; synthetic anticholinergic drug used as pre-operative antimuscarinic for drying agent. Reduces salivary, tracheobronchial, and pharyngeal secretions; reduces volume and free acidity of gastric secretions; and blocks cardiac vagal inhibitory reflexes during induction of GA and intubation
*will cause some increase in HR, but not as much as atropine

Pre-pharmacology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions