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Pre-pharmacology > Module 4 drugs > Flashcards

Module 4 drugs Flashcards

1
Q

decongestants

A

epinepherine-like drugs, alpha agonists; vasocontrictors used to reduce upper airway congestion; often combined with antihistamines in many cold remedies
Can be taken as spray or orally (but locally is better b/c you avoid systemic side e’s for the most part)

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2
Q

NeoSynephrine

A

phenylephrine; nasal spray decongestant (only lasts about 4 hours)
Phenylephrine is most oral decongestant nowadays, even though oral form is no better than placebo (yet still produces sympathomimetic side e’s)

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3
Q

Afrin

A

oxymetazoline; alpha agonist, very good decongestant that lasts about 12 hours

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4
Q

Sudafed

A

pseudoephedrine (originally, but now it is usually not); good decongestant, but abused so heavily it is only behind counter in pharmacies as OTC
*does increase BP though so bad for those with HTN or CHF, so best to use nasally

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5
Q

antihistamines

A

H1 rc blockers in cells of ENT so histamine cannot bind to them when mast cells degranulate in response to allergens
They are found in many cold remedies despite no proven cold benefits

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6
Q

1st gen antihistamines

A

older, inexpensive antihistamines (H1 rc blockers) that cause drowsiness (now this effect is used in OTC sleep aids)
*some are also used for their anti-nausea effects from anticholinergic properties

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7
Q

Benadryl

A

diphenhydramine; 1st gen antihistamine that works quickly; also used for antinausea effects from parasympatholytic activity

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8
Q

Phenegran

A

promethazine; a phenothiazine that works like a 1st gen antihistamine; also used for antinausea effects b/c of parasympatholytic effects

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9
Q

doxylamine

A

1st gen antihistamine; found in many cold and cough medicines meant to induce sleepiness (like Nyquil)
*shorter 1/2 life than Benadryl

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10
Q

Chlor-Trimeton

A

chlorpheniramine; 1st gen antihistamine that works very quickly

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11
Q

Claritin

A

loratidine; only early 2nd gen antihistamine still on market

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12
Q

2nd gen antihistamines

A

better tolerated than 1st gen and are not sedating; also work better at treating hay fever
*should always be used prophylactically

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13
Q

Allegra

A

fexofenadine; newer 2nd gen antihistamine

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14
Q

Zyrtec

A

cetirizine; newer 2nd gen antihistamine

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15
Q

LTAs

A

leukotriene rc antagonists; treat asthma and severe hay fever not responding to antihistamine therapy; block eicosanoids produced in AA pathway from lipoxegenase which are inflammatory mediators and cause bronchoconstriction

  • hard to get insurance to cover; must prove much better relief than with antihistamines
  • all -leukast
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16
Q

Singulair

A

montelukast; leukotriene rc blocker; oral tablet 1/day

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17
Q

Accolate

A

zafirlukast; leukotriene rc blocker

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18
Q

Ultair

A

pranlukast; leukotriene rc blocker that is in late stage trials in US

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19
Q

mast cell stabilizers

A

coat mast cells and prevent release of proinflammatory granules; inert drugs
Used for asthma and allergies
*only effective prophylaxis b/c it must be used before mast cells degranulate
*also used now for people who get ulcers from allergies

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20
Q

NasalCrom

A

cromolyn sodium; mast cell stabilizer prototype that is still used commonly
Used nasally, but also as solution that can be nebulized for lungs/airway

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21
Q

corticosteroids

A

Used in upper airways to treat resistant inflammation (like in allergic rhinitis); inhibit AA cascade
Not actual bronchodilators, so don’t use in acute, but dramatically reduce inflammation in 4-6 hours (good for maintenance asthma therapy)
Terrible long-term side e’s; better to use locally to avoid side e’s
All require Rx

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22
Q

Flonase nasal spray

A

fluticasone; corticosteroid used in upper airway

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23
Q

Nasacort nasal spray

A

triamcinolone; corticosteroid for upper airway

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24
Q

Orabase

A

triamcinolone; corticosteroid applied to canker sores in mouth, although there is no proven benefit

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25
Q

antibiotics to treat ENT/lung infections conditions

A

pen VK, amoxicillin, Biaxin (clarithromycin), Cipro (ciproflaxacin)

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26
Q

antibiotics in topical creams and ointments

A

Bactroban (mupirocin) and neosporin; used for things like impetigo or outer ear infections (too toxic for internal use)

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27
Q

Bactroban

A

mupirocin; carboxylic acid antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis. Used for things like outer ear infections, but too toxic for internal use

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28
Q

Neosporin

A

antibiotic ointment, originally formula was neomycin (aminoglycoside) and polymyxin B for gram negative bacteria, and bacitracin for gram positive bacteria

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29
Q

Ocean Spray

A

salt water/saline; very good for use in irrigating nose when there is an infection

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30
Q

Floxin Otic

A

ofloxacin; otic solution of fluoroquinolone antibiotic; used for things like outer ear infections (too toxic for internal use)

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31
Q

acyclovir type drugs

A

used to treat herpes infections; Zovirax (acyclovir), Valtrex (valacyclovir), or Famvir (famciclovir)

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32
Q

ribavirin

A

guanosine (ribonucleic) analog used to stop viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping, thus is a nucleoside inhibitor
Used for RSV among other bad viral infections

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33
Q

antifungals for ENT use

A

nystatin, miconazole, and clotrimazole used as ‘swish and swallow’ for oral thrush and sometimes sinus infections

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34
Q

antitussives

A

suppress cough by working on cough center of brain stem (medulla) or by anesthetizing stretch receptors in respiratory tract

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35
Q

narcotic antitussives

A

best antitussive drugs we have; any opioid works

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36
Q

codeine/morphine

A

classic narcotic antitussives

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37
Q

Hycodan

A

hydrocodone; opioid used as antitussive

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38
Q

DM or DXM

A

dextromethorphan; used more commonly than opioids as an antitussive b/c it is a non-addicting opioid congener and is OTC
*commonly accidentally overdosed b/c of ubiquity in OTC medications, just like acetaminophen

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39
Q

expectorants

A

aka mucolytics; reduce thickness of mucus to make patients more easily cough it up

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40
Q

Robitussin

A

guaifensin expectorant; used in many OTC cough and cold medications (like Robitussin)
Used for centuries, derived from guaiac tree

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41
Q

Dramamine

A

dimenhydrinate; antihistamine used OTC to prevent motion sickness and vertigo from anticholinergic effect

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42
Q

Transderm Scop

A

scopolamine; belladonna anticholinergic drug used OTC to prevent motion sickness and treat vertigo

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43
Q

Xylocaine

A

4-10% topical cocaine; our best decongestant and great local anesthetic (1-2% when injected for dental procedures)
*but is controlled substance so rarely used; instead use NeoSynephrine with lidocaine

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44
Q

Beconase

A

beclomethasone; corticosteroid used intranasally

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45
Q

Nasonex

A

mometasone; corticosteroid used for intransasal admin

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46
Q

Mycelex

A

clotrimazole; antifungal used as ‘swish and swallow’ liquid for thrush

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47
Q

Mycostatin

A

nystatin; antifungal used as ‘swish and swallow’ liquid for thrush

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48
Q

Chloromycetin Otic drops

A

chloramphenicol; antibiotic used for things like outer ear infections (too toxic for internal use)

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49
Q

Cerumenex ear drops

A

used to soften ear wax

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50
Q

LAs for ENT

A

local anesthetics for ear, nose, and throat use: sodium channel blockers to stop nerve transmissions
Includes -caine’s

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51
Q

benzocaine and lidocaine

A

local anesthetics used for ENT; sodium channel blockers

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52
Q

silver nitrate

A

chemical cautery sticks used for cauterizing nosebleeds and shaving cuts

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53
Q

Vicks VapoRub

A

metholated (from eucalyptus oil) based petroleum jelly

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54
Q

Allegra-D

A

combination product; fexofenadine (antihistamine) and pseudoephedrine (decongestant)

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55
Q

Claritin-D

A

combination product; loraditine (antihistamine) and pseudoephedrine (decongestant)

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56
Q

NyQuil

A

combination product; phenylephrine (decongestant), doxylamine (1st gen antihistamine), dextromethorphan (opioid-like antitussive), and acetaminophen (analgesic, antipyretic)

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57
Q

Otobiotic Otic

A

combination product; hydrocortisone (corticosteroid) and polymyxin B (antibacterial)

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58
Q

bronchodilators

A

relax bronchial smooth muscle to treat asthma, emphysema, and exercise induced asthma (EIA)
Can be given by mouth, injection, nebulized liquid, or powder

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59
Q

Primatene Mist

A

OTC inhaler of epinepherine; non-selective adrenergic agonist; best drug for bronchospasm, especially in emergency situations
*but effects on heart and BP limit its use

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60
Q

front door bronchodilators

A

sympathomimetic drugs; B2 agonists that dilate bronchial smooth muscle

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61
Q

non-selective sympathomimetic bronchodilators

A

epinepherine, ephedrine, amphetamine, cocaine, etc.

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62
Q

Proventil MDI

A

albuterol; prototypical B2 selective agonist

Rescue inhaler

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63
Q

Ventolin

A

albuterol; prototypical B2 selective agonist

Rescue inhaler

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64
Q

LABA

A

long-acting B2 agonists used for prophylactic treatment b/c of 0.5 hour onset time that last up to 12 hours

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65
Q

Servent

A

salmeterol; LABA for asthma/COPD/EIA

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66
Q

formoterol

A

LABA for asthma/COPD/EIA

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67
Q

Advair

A

salmeterol (LABA) and flucticasone (corticosteroid); often used as powder for inhalation

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68
Q

back door bronchodilators

A

parasympatholytics; reduce parasympathetic effect of bronchoconstriction in order to dilate airway

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69
Q

ipratropium

A

prototype parasympatholytic back door bronchodilator; has less cardiac effect than atropine and is longer lasting

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70
Q

side door bronchodilators

A

xanthine derivatives; have nothing to do with ANS antagonism
Phosphodiesterase (specific type) inhibitors that work at cellular level to increase cAMP levels to yield bronchodilation and increase breathing rate by stimulating respiratory centers in CNS
*also stimulate brain activity, so cause seizures in high doses and restlessness. As a result, no longer used

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71
Q

cocoa beans

A

naturally rich in methylxanthine drugs caffeine and chemical relatives theobromine and theophylline; all of which are side door bronchodilators

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72
Q

theobromine

A

a xanthine found in hot chocolate

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73
Q

Theo-Dur

A

theophylline; mehtylxanthine commonly found in black tea

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74
Q

cromolyn sodium

A

mast cell stabilizer; formulated as liquid for nebulizers for inhalation (helps treat allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, asthma, or general hay fever)

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75
Q

Intal

A

cromolyn sodium inhalation aerosol; mast cell stabilizer for lung use

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76
Q

densensitizing injections

A

shots given as immunotherapy; produce blocking antibodies that are IgG that prevent IgE-allergen complex from causing mast cell degranulation
*costs thousands and must be done 1/week with increasing doses of allergen

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77
Q

Vanceril MDI

A

beclomethasone; inhaled corticosteroid

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78
Q

Azmacort

A

triamcinolone; inhaled corticosteroid

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79
Q

oral antibiotics for treating bronchitis and pneumonia

A

pen VK, amoxicillin, macrolides like clarithromycin (Biaxin) and azithromycin (Zithromax), and ciproflaxacin (fluoroquinolone)

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80
Q

drugs to help smoking cessation

A

NicoDerm (patch), Nicorette (gum), or other nicotine products like spray

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81
Q

Zyban

A

bupropion; antidepressant Rx drug used to help people quit smoking

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82
Q

Chantix

A

varenicline; first of new compounds: nicotine rc blockers that block nicotine rc’s in brain
Newest and most effective addition to antismoking therapy; allows patients to ween themselves off nicotine while still smoking
*but increases neuropsychiatric symptoms including suicidal ideation and erratic behavior

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83
Q

ephedrine

A

sympathomimetic front door bronchodilator; found usually in injection or syrup

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84
Q

Isuprel

A

isoproterenol; sympathomimetic front door bronchodilator

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85
Q

Flovent MDI

A

fluticasone; inhaled corticosteroid

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86
Q

lung antifungal therapy

A

would need to be systemic; Difulcan (fluconazole) and Lamisil (terbinafine)

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87
Q

antiinfluenza drugs

A

Tamiflu and Relenza; or prevent with IIV4 or LAIV

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88
Q

Wellbutrin

A

bupropion; antidepressant Rx drug used to help people quit smoking

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89
Q

Survanta

A

surfactant extracted from ground up cow lungs used to treat lung disease of premature infants (hyaline membrane disease)

90
Q

OC

A

oral contraceptives; composed of estrogens and/or progestins
Taken daily to suppress release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) produced by pituitary; without LH and FSH spike, ovulation does not occur
Also: thickens cervical mucus, thins uterine lining, and prevents shedding of endometrium
*increase risk of thromboembolic events

91
Q

COCPs

A

combined oral contraceptive pills; use both synthetic estrogen and synthetic progestin in combo
Most popular OC

92
Q

mini pill

A 
only progestin (fixed dose) OC; prevent ovulation if taken for more than 1 cycle, plus thicken cervical mucus, and prevent uterine lining from maturing to the point it can accept a fertilized ovum
Less effective for preventing pregnancy compared to COCPs, but safer with women that have CV or cancer risks
93
Q

monophasic pills

A

COCPs with fixed dose of estrogen (which is very high) and progestin; very effective but common bad side e’s of nausea and blood clots

94
Q

biphasic pills

A

COCPs with fixed dose of estrogen and two different doses of progestin

95
Q

triphasic pills

A

COCPs with fixed (usually) dose of estrogen and three different amounts of progestin that varies throughout cycle

96
Q

Lunelle

A

conraceptive injection; great b/c lasts months

97
Q

Ortho Evra

A

contraceptive transdermal patch; only one in US

As effective as OC with perfect use

98
Q

NuvaRing

A

flexible plastic vaginal ring insert contraceptive; 3 weeks of slow proestin/estrogen leak

99
Q

Depo-Provera

A

medroxyprogesterone; progestin-only injectable contraceptive; very convenient b/c only need 4/year so great for irresponsible pts.
Sometimes used b/c of thromboembolic safety concerns for women on COCPs currently
Not as effective as COCPs, but less responsibility is needed for pts.

100
Q

Norplant II

A

implantable contraceptives; consist of 1-2 small silicone rods implanted under skin every 3 years that leach progestin
Very popular b/c of ease of use, low adverse side e rate, and reliable

101
Q

barrier contraceptives

A

condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps

102
Q

IUDs

A

intrauterine device; temporary device that disrupts implantation by virtue of presence in uterine cavity
Stores progestin drug that prevents ovulation as slow release

103
Q

Lybrel

A

only OC approved to totally eliminate periods

104
Q

EC

A

emergency contraceptive; uses abortive properties of COCPs as morning after pill; usually high dose of progestin

105
Q

Plan B

A

high dose progestin levonorgestrel (2nd gen progestin); morning after pill; EC taken in two doses within 3 days of intercourse to make uterus inhospitable to implantation
*sooner it is taken after intercourse the better it works b/c after implantation it does nothing

106
Q

abortifacients

A

drugs that terminate an already established pregnancy; drugs bind to progesterone rc’s in uterine lining to cause a dramatic withdraw of calming progestin effects on uterine lining, so severe contractions occur to abort fetus
*can cause severe side effects b/c of severe contractions that may lead to death so follow up and pt. education is important

107
Q

Mifeprex

A

mifepristone; RU-486; anti-progesterone abortifacient drug that can be used after implantation b/c it causes vigorous contractions of uterus and will terminate pregnancy

108
Q

Yaz

A

formulated with drospirenone (synthetic hormone that mimics progesterone; 4th gen progestin); first OC approved for treating premenstrual dysphoric disorder, contraception, and moderate acne
*increases risk of thromboembolic events by 7x compared to other OCs

109
Q

Premarin

A

conjugated estrogens from equine sources; used for HRT/MHT

Improves vascular instability (hot flashes), irritability, insomnia, weight gain, and bone loss

110
Q

calcium supplements

A

easiest drug to take to prevent osteoporosis; often combined with vitamin D

111
Q

biphosphonates

A

treat osteoporosis by suppressing osteoclasts

But make stomach upset, cause GI inflammation, esophagitis, and even esophageal erosion

112
Q

Fosamax

A

alendronate; biphosphonate used to prevent osteoporosis

113
Q

SERMs

A

selective estrogen rc modulators; prevent osteoporosis; have same desirable effects of natural estrogens like improving lipid profile, reducing hot flashes, and stabilizing bone mass, but do not risk increasing breast cancer

114
Q

Evista

A

raloxifene; SERM used to prevent osteoporosis and help with lipid profile and hot flashes related to menopause

115
Q

calcitonin drugs

A

drugs used to treat osteoporosis (not just prevent)

116
Q

Monistat

A

miconazole; topical antifungal for vaginitis; OTC

117
Q

Gyne-Lotrimin

A

clotrimazole; topical antifungal for vaginitis; OTC

118
Q

nystatin

A

topical antifungal for vaginitis; OTC

119
Q

terbinafine

A

topical antifungal for vaginitis; OTC

120
Q

Flagyl

A

oral metronidazole; good for anaerobic infections, Rx to treat bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis
*but bad b/c makes stomach very upset

121
Q

MetroGel

A

vaginal metronidazole; good for anaerobic infections, Rx to treat bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis

122
Q

Cleocin

A

oral or vaginal clindamycin; food for anaerobic infections, Rx to treat bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis

123
Q

Septra

A

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole combination antibiotic for UTIs

124
Q

cranberries

A

contains tannin chemicals that are thought to interfere with bacterial adhesion and growth for UTI treatment (although this is unproven); also anything that causes people to pee and acidifies urine helps with UTIs

125
Q

Pyridium

A

phenazopyridine; urinary analgesic OTC that relieves pain, burning, urgency, and frequency that accompanies UTIs
*but does not cure infection and should not be taken more than 2 days or else it masks symptoms that may need more advanced treatment

126
Q

bladder antispasmodics

A

anticholinergic drugs that relax smooth muscle of urinary tract

127
Q

Ditropan

A

oxybutynin; anticholinergic drug used to treat urge incontinence or overactive bladder; blocks all three muscarinic rc’s

128
Q

Vesicare

A

solifenacin; selectively blocks type 3 muscarinic rc’s

Anticholinergic drug used to treat urge incontinence or overactive bladder

129
Q

syphilis treatment

A

penicillin G and procaine penicillin (Bicillin)

130
Q

gonorrhea treatment

A

many resistant to penicillins so 3rd gen cephalosporins used like Rocephin (ceftriaxone) or ciproflaxacine (fluoroquinolone)

131
Q

chlamydia treatment

A

Rocephin, amoxicillin, Cipro, and/or Zithromax

132
Q

prevention of neonatal eye infections during transvaginal delivery

A

originally silver nitrate drops were used, but now erythromycin or ciproflaxacin are used

133
Q

Gardasil

A

HPV vaccine that prevents genital warts and therefore cervical cancer

134
Q

PDE-5 inhibitors

A

phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors; used to treat ED and pulm. HTN by increasing nitric oxide locally in penile vasculature and in lungs to cause vasodilation
*also used to decrease size of prostate gland in benign prostatic hypertrophy

135
Q

Viagra

A

sildenafil; PDE-5 inhibitor for ED or pulm. HTN

136
Q

Cialis

A

tadalafil; PDE-5 inhibitor for ED or pulm. HTN

137
Q

Ortho tri-cycline

A

triphasic OC pill approved for treating acne

138
Q

Enovid

A

first oral contraceptive marketed in US (in 1960s) and was a progestin only drug

139
Q

Provera

A

medroxyprogesterone; synthetic progestin

140
Q

Megace

A

megestrol; progestin used for cachexia

141
Q

sulfanilamide

A

one of first drugs used to treat syphilis; three day regime combined with trimethoprim is still used with Bactrim and Septra for uncomplicated, non-recurrent UTIs

142
Q

penicillins for STIs

A

ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin G, procaine penicillin (Bicillin)

143
Q

cephalosporins for STIs

A

Keflex (cephalexin) and Rocephin (ceftriaxone)

144
Q

fluoroquinolones for STIs

A

Cipro (ciproflaxacin) and Levaquin (levoflaxacin)

145
Q

macrolides for STIs

A

EES (erythromycin) and Zithromax (azithromycin)

146
Q

tetracyclines for STIs

A

Minocin (minocycline)

147
Q

Macrodantin

A

nitrofurantoin; nitrofuran antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis; used prophylactically to prevent UTIs

148
Q

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

A

drugs like caffeine; decrease LES (lower esophageal sphincter) pressure and make stomach more acidic, both contribute to GERD

149
Q

nicotine and alcohol

A

lower LES pressure to contribute to GERD

150
Q

oral antacids

A

neutralize HCl; can be in liquid or tablet form to treat acid-related disorders
Ca antacids have added benefit of supplementing extra calcium in those who need it

151
Q

Amphojel

A

aluminum salt antacid

152
Q

Tums

A

calcium salt antacid

153
Q

Milk of Magnesia

A

magnesium salt antacids; tend to cause loose stool/diarrhea (so it can also be used as a laxative)

154
Q

combination antacids

A

cut down on tendency of single formulations to either produce loosened stool or constipation

155
Q

magnesium

A

stool regulator; orally it is not absorbed much and just pulls water into GI tract to loosen stool

156
Q

Maalox

A

combination antacid of magnesium salts and aluminum hydroxides; neutral for stool b/c of Mg and Al countering each other

157
Q

Riopan

A

combination antacid of aluminum salts and simethicone

158
Q

Rolaids

A

combination antacid of calcium and magnesium salts

159
Q

baking soda

A

antacid; very effective for indigestion, but contains large amount of sodium that causes rebound acid a few hour later

160
Q

simethicone

A

reduces surface tension of liquids so that bubbles don’t form; used for ‘gas’
*inert and has low side e’s

161
Q

H2 blockers

A

antihistamines that only block H2 rc; dramatically reduced the number of ulcer surgeries needed
Now OTC with full strength as Rx

162
Q

Tagamet

A

cimetidine; first H2 blocker, used for ARD

163
Q

Zantac

A

ranitidine; H2 blocker, used for ARD

164
Q

Pepcid

A

famotidine (antihistamine)

165
Q

PPIs

A

proton pump inhibitors; decrease H pumped into stomach from parietal cells
Now OTC same strength as Rx
*all named -prazole

166
Q

Prilosec

A

omeprazole; PPI

167
Q

Prevacid

A

lansoprazole; PPI

168
Q

Nexium

A

esomeprazole; ‘purple pill’; PPI

169
Q

Pepcid complete

A

famotidine (antihistamine), and Ca and Mg salts used as combination ARD treatment

170
Q

Pepto-Bismol

A

bismuth subalicylate; indicated for treating heartburn, but is actually a weak antacid, but does have antisecretory activity in gut to decrease water in stool and absorbs toxins from E. coli (so good for local anti-diarrea action)

171
Q

PrevPac

A

combination H. pylori treatment; simplifies treatment by combining amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole into one package

172
Q

H. pylori infection treatment

A

amoxicillin or clarithromycin and a PPI

173
Q

opioid drugs for diarrhea

A

have anticholinergic properties used to treat diarrhea; typically ones that do not induce euphoria are used

174
Q

codeine

A

opioid drug used to treat diarrhea b/c of parasympatholytic effects

175
Q

Paregoric

A

tincture of morphine used for diarrhea; NO LONGER AVAILABLE

176
Q

Lomotil

A

diphenoxylate and atropine; opioid mixture used to treat diarrhea. Rx

177
Q

Imodium

A

loperamide; synthetically produced opioid congener used for diarrhea. OTC

178
Q

bulk agents

A

binding agents; inert, non-digestable fiber that binds free water in gut to treat constipation or diarrhea
Contains cellulose fibers similar to Kaolin-Pectin used for diarrhea; they hold on to water to increase bulk

179
Q

Kaopectate

A

kaolin and pectin; bulk (binding) agents used for diarrhea

180
Q

infectious diarrhea treatment

A

Septra (TMX-SMX), Cipro, Vibramycin (doxycycline)

181
Q

Konsyl

A

bulk agent laxative; pure psyllium fiber inside is key ingredient (can also treat diarrhea)
Pure psyllium fiber retains water in colon so stool doesn’t dry out to treat constipation, but can also ‘soak up’ excess water to treat diarrhea

182
Q

oatmeal

A

acts like a binding agent for diarrhea treatment (or constipation)

183
Q

Metamucil

A

bulk agent laxative

184
Q

stool softeners and lubricants

A

slowly work over hours to days to create a film around stool which allows retention of moisture

185
Q

Colace

A

contains docusate; stool softener

186
Q

mineral oil

A

lubricant laxative for constipation; should only be taken for short term to avoid significant absorption

187
Q

irritant/stimulant drugs

A

purgatives that stimulate vigorous bowel peristalsis

188
Q

exercise

A

helps increase peristalsis of bowels; this is why many elderly people have constipation b/c they do not move around much

189
Q

castor oil

A

irritant/stimulant for constipation treatment

190
Q

sennosides

A

similar to irritant/stimulants for constipation; derived from senna plants

191
Q

Ex-lax

A

sennoside laxative

192
Q

salt solutions

A

used as laxatives

193
Q

Fleets enema

A

saline; salt solution used for laxative

194
Q

hypertonic magnesium citrate solutions

A

used as bowel preps before colonoscopy or surgery

195
Q

magnesium salts

A

attract water by osmosis into bowel lumen as laxative

196
Q

Epsom salts

A

hypertonic magnesium salt used as laxative

197
Q

Mag Citrate

A

hypertonic magnesium salt used as laxative

198
Q

fleet enemas

A

pre-prepared enemas for laxative

199
Q

enema prep kits

A

meant to hang in bathtub; laxative

200
Q

antiemetics

A

used for nausea/vomiting, vertigo, and motion sickness

201
Q

antipyschotics and dopamine antagonists

A

have antiemetic effect

202
Q

Compazine

A

prochlorperazine; dopamine antagonist used as antipsychotic drug, but also for n/v
Can be given p.o., parenterally, or rectally

203
Q

dexamethasone

A

corticosteroid used for n/v after chemotherapy

204
Q

benzodiazepines

A

used to treat n/v secondary to anxiety

205
Q

cannabinoids

A

used as antiemetics and useful for glaucoma patients to reduce eye pressure

206
Q

Marinol

A

dronabinol; cannabinoid with THC as active ingredient used for n/v and cachexia

207
Q

5-HT type 3 rc antagonists

A

serotonin type 3 rc antagonists; most recent and most effective antinausea drugs
When 5-HT type 3 rc’s are stimulated they send out signals carried by the vagus nerve that stimulate vomiting
Used for chemo patients, anesthesia patients, and even pregnancy induced n/v

208
Q

Zofran

A

ondansetron; 5-HT type 3 rc. antagonist for n/v

209
Q

Anzemet

A

dolasetron; 5-HT type 3 rc. antagonist for n/v

210
Q

emetics

A

given to conscious patients as soon as possible after poisoning to prevent poison absorption

211
Q

ipecac syrup

A

given as emetic for poisoning; not used much anymore b/c can be dangerously emetogenic

212
Q

activated coal (charcoal)

A

used for poisoning (more popular now than ipecac syrup); binds to other drugs so they cannot be absorbed into blood stream

213
Q

hemodialysis

A

used for poisoning by filtering out toxin that has been already absorbed

214
Q

amphetamine-like ‘uppers’

A

Rx weight loss drugs that suppress appetites and increase metabolism; but not used much anymore after Fen-Phen fiasco in 97 when it caused MIs
*but phentermine is still used sometimes

215
Q

phentermine

A

amphetamine-like upper used for weight loss

216
Q

Meridia

A

SNRI antidepressant; suppresses appetite

*very dangerous drug that was PULLED from market from increased risk for MI/stroke

217
Q

lipase inhibitors

A

first and only non-stimulant weight loss drugs; causes greasy poop though b/c fat is not broken down and therefore cannot be absorbed so it remains in feces

218
Q

Xenical

A

orlistat; Rx lipase inhibitor used for weight loss

219
Q

Alli

A

lower dose version of Xenical (orlistat); a lipase inhibitor for weight loss; OTC

220
Q

glycerin suppositories

A

draws water into bowel for constipation

221
Q

medical marijuana

A

legal in some states to treat n/v and weight loss associated with cancer and AIDS

222
Q

Cortenema

A

hydrocortisone; corticosteroid given by enema as a potent anti-inflammatory in cases of severe Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis

Pre-pharmacology (27 decks)

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