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Pre-pharmacology > Chapter 1 (history of drugs) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (history of drugs) Flashcards

1
Q

molecular pharm

A

drug design

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2
Q

toxicology

A

study of toxic/poisonous drug effects

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3
Q

clinical pharm

A

testing the therapeutic use of drugs

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4
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

how drugs produce their effects

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5
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

measured response time and dose

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6
Q

bioavailability

A

fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation

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7
Q

drugs

A

any biologically active substance

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8
Q

medicine

A

a drug deliberately administered for therapeutic purposes

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9
Q

drug use began

A

3000 bc

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10
Q

uses of drugs

A

therapeutic
prevention
diagnostic

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11
Q

therapeutic uses

A

antibiotics for infections
analgesic to control pain
hormone for HRT

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12
Q

prevention uses

A

vaccinations

motion sickness

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13
Q

diagnostic uses

A

thallium for exercise stress tests to show uptake into active/normal muscle
radiopaque contrast agents used in certain x ray procedures like IVP

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14
Q

Natural source drugs (derived from plants)

A

digitalis (Lanoxin), scopolamine, atropine, ephedrine, galantamine (Reminyl), aspirin

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15
Q

digitalis

A

Lanoxin: very narrow therapeutic window. Derived from foxglove plant and used to increase heart contraction strength

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16
Q

scopolamine; atropine

A

from belladonna plant and used by women to dilate eyes originally

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17
Q

ephedrine

A

from ephedra species and used as bronchodilator and decongestant

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18
Q

galantamine

A

Reminyl: isolated from daffodil bulbs but only barely treats early Alzheimer’s

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19
Q

Natural source drugs (derived from animal sources)

A

thryoid hormone, estrogen (Premarin), insulin

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20
Q

thyroid hormone

A

derived from various animals for HRT

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21
Q

estrogen

A

Premarin: from pregnant mare urine. Used originally to treat hot flashes in women that were post-menopausal

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22
Q

insulin

A

used from cows and pigs originally until recombinant DNA technology could be applied so bacteria could make it

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23
Q

Natural source drugs (from mineral sources)

A

potassium, lithium, iron, calcium, technetium, thallium, barium (last three used for radiology)

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24
Q

dangers of using drugs from natural sources versus synthetic

A

melatonin from animal sources may contain prions, for example, while synthetic never would

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25
Q

Medicine before 1906

A

buyer beware; many patent drugs

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26
Q

patent drugs

A

drugs made with a recipe that are proprietary

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27
Q

Mrs. Winslow’s tooth drops

A

cocaine given for child tooth aches

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28
Q

Dr. Bateman’s pectoral drops

A

mixed opium, licorice, and camphor to help pain

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29
Q

late victorian age

A

opium dens led to many people addicted to opium chemicals

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30
Q

start of 20th century

A

Hamlin’s wizard oil: patent drugs were still very prevalent

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31
Q

drug legislature began because

A

so many people were addicted to opium from misuse of drugs and nasty meat-packing conditions

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32
Q

Pure Food and Drug Act

A

Wiley Act: 1906.
F and D makers use pure ingredients and have accurate labeling
First federal drug legislature

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33
Q

Harrison Narcotic act

A

1914: Taxation and regulation of interstate commerce and helped with drugs of abuse (cocaine and heroine were now regulated)

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34
Q

1937

A

S.E. Marshal Co. created sulfanilamide using diethylene glycol as solvent
“Elixir sulfanilamide” killed over 100 people
created big changes in 1938

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35
Q

Food, drug, and cosmetic act

A

FDCA formed in 1938; replaced Wiley act and is still basic law we have today.
Required safety of drugs and FDA was formed

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36
Q

1960s

A

Thalidomide led to stricter FDA protections in the 1960s
Dr. Frances Kelsey stopped it from entering the US
Around this time efficacy had to proven too

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37
Q

Schedule drugs

A

new regulations were needed to tightly control “hippie” drugs that had organized crime supplying them
Require license to prescribe them

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38
Q

Controlled substance act

A

CSA in 1970: created to control hippie drugs

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39
Q

Drug enforcement agency

A

DEA formed in 1973 and established schedule drugs that were regulated by them

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40
Q

Schedule 1 drugs

A

no medical purpose; only used in labs for experiments

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide), ecstasy (3,4-Methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine)

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41
Q

schedule 2 drugs

A

still highly addictive, but have medical use and cannot be phoned in as a prescription
Percodan, denerol, opiods, Ritalin

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42
Q

schedule 3 drugs

A

moderate pain drugs usually, still effective but not as regulated
In California they cannot be phoned in or given in multiple refills
Tylenol 3, vicodin

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43
Q

Schedule 4 drugs

A

lithium, valium

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44
Q

schedule 5 drugs

A

cough syrups with low doses of codeine

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45
Q

orphan drugs

A

drugs for rare, “unprofitable” disorders

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46
Q

orphan drug act

A

1983: nobody was creating drugs for orphan conditions so government offered tax credits, exclusive marketing rights, and quicker approval FDA process

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47
Q

Dietary supplements and health education act

A

1994: loose and hard to enforce guidelines that allow many things to be sold under the guise of “health foods/supplements”
Companies can make crazy claims by marketing stuff as dietary supplements instead of medicine

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48
Q

FDA moderinization act

A

1997 revamp of FDCA by Clinton: drugs used for life threatening situations have shorter approval times for off label uses

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49
Q

Summary of Drug legislation

A

1938 FDCA (and 1962 and 1997 amendments) required approval of FDA to market drugs, accurate labels, generic name included, prove efficacy, warning labels, legend inscription

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50
Q

Prescription drug amendment act

A

1951: defined what drugs are Rx or OTC

OTC usually half strength of Rx

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51
Q

Pharmaceutical milestones

A

1803 morphine from opium
1899 aspirin introduced
1908 sulfanilamide created
1922 insulin from animals
1942 peniclllin
1945 benadryl
1948 cortisone
1957 benzodiazepine (for anxiety disorders)
1958 haldol (for schizophrenia)
1967 Inderal (B blocker)
1977 Tagamet (H2 blocker)
1982 first recombinant DNA drug for HGH
1987 alteplase (TPA)
1987 AZT (zidovudine, Retrovir) for anti aids
1999 celebrex for arhritis
2000 many decongestants and appetite suppresants pulled for deaths
2001 anthrax attack created demand for fluroquinolone anitbiotic ciproflaxin
2002 botox created for wrinkles, now used for migraines
2006 Gardasil is first vaccine for cancer (cervical)
2007 Zyrtec is first drug to have same dose strength for Rx and OTC
Hep C can be cured by Harvoni (ledipasvir, sofosbuvir)

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52
Q

aspirin

A

acetylsalicylic acid: from willow bark

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53
Q

codeine

A

semi-synthetic drug derived from morphine because easier to take in oral form

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54
Q

myrrh

A

used historically as an anti-inflammatory

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55
Q

dimethyltryptamine

A

DMT: 1

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56
Q

ecstasy

A

MDMA: 1

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57
Q

GHB

A

1

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58
Q

heroin

A

1

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59
Q

LSD

A

1

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60
Q

PMA

A

1

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61
Q

psilocybin

A

1

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62
Q

Percocet

A

oxycodone and acetaminophen: 1

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63
Q

adderal

A

2

64
Q

cocaine

A

2

65
Q

hydromorphone

A

2

66
Q

methylphenidate

A

Ritalin: 2

67
Q

morphine

A

1

68
Q

oxycodone

A

2

69
Q

HCPs

A

hydrocodone combination products: 2

70
Q

aprobarbital

A

Alurate, barbiturate: 3

71
Q

butabarbital

A

Butisol, barbiturate: 3

72
Q

butalbital

A

Fiorinal and Fioricet, barbiturate: 3

73
Q

anabolic steroids

A

3

74
Q

testosterone

A

3

75
Q

alprazolam

A

Xanax; benzodiazepine, 4

76
Q

diazeam

A

Valium; benzodiazepine, 4

77
Q

codeine

A

5

78
Q

Vicodin

A

hydrocodone and acetaminophen

79
Q

tylenol and codeine (tylenol 3 and 4)

A

codeine and acetaminophen

80
Q

legend drugs

A

prescription

81
Q

Rx drugs

A

not safe unless under medical supervision`

82
Q

propofol

A

anesthetic responsible for killing MJ

83
Q

acetyl salicylic acid

A

aspirin: produce din 1899

84
Q

salicylic acid

A

aspirin like drug used to burn off warts

85
Q

Lamisil

A

cure for fungal infections of nails

86
Q

digitalis

A

(Lanoxin): from foxglove plant

87
Q

scopolamine and atropine

A

from Belladonna plant

88
Q

ephedrine

A

from ephedra plant

89
Q

galantamine

A

(Reminyl) from daffodil bulbs; treats early Alzheimer’s

90
Q

Premarin

A

conjugated estrogen; from pregnant mares’ urine

91
Q

human insulin

A

produced by recombinant DNA technology

92
Q

natural source mineral medicines

A

calcium, iron, potassium, lithium

93
Q

morhpine

A

isolated from opium poppy in 1803; an analgesic

94
Q

sulfanilamide

A

“sulfa drug” with antibacterial properties; deadly when it was produced with diethylene glycol (antifreeze)

95
Q

phenobarbital

A

first barbiturate sedative-hypnotic

96
Q

cocaine

A

originally used in toothdrops for children; now a local anesthetic

97
Q

heroin

A

an opioid derived from opium poppy; schedule 1

98
Q

thalidomide

A

antinausea drug for pregnant women in europe in late 50s and early 60s

99
Q

LSD

A

schedule 1 drug

100
Q

Ecstasy

A

schedule 1 drug

101
Q

Demerol

A

synthetic S2 opiod; not from opium poppy

102
Q

Percocet

A

S2 opiod combined with acetaminophen

103
Q

Ritalin

A

S2 amphetamine used for hyperactive children

104
Q

Vicodin

A

tylenol with codeine: S3 opioids combined with acetaminophen. Low strengths can be OTC in Can, Mex, and Eng. Low doses in S5 cough syrups

105
Q

Lithium

A

S4 mineral used for bipolar depression

106
Q

Viagra

A

vasodilator

107
Q

diazepam

A

Valium; S4 benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug.

108
Q

lorazepam

A

Ativan; S4 benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug.

109
Q

midazolam

A

Versed; S4 benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug.

110
Q

Motrin

A

OTC NSAIDs

111
Q

Aleve

A

OTC NSAIDs

112
Q

Prilosec

A

popular OTC heartburn medicaiton

113
Q

Tagamet

A

OTC antacid in different class than Prilosec

114
Q

Benadryl

A

OTC antihistamine found by itself or mixed

115
Q

ephedrine; pseudoephedrine

A

stimulants that are so abused now you must ask pharamcists to get them

116
Q

Claritin

A

popular OTC anithistamine that works better for allergies than Benadryl

117
Q

Zyrtec

A

popular OTC anithistamine that works better for allergies than Benadryl

118
Q

Ciproflaxacin

A

Cipro: popular antibiotic Rx

119
Q

Elavil

A

old antidepressant

120
Q

Dilantin

A

common antiseizure drug

121
Q

naloxone

A

Narcan: opioid receptor antagonist (blocks effects of morphine or heroin)

122
Q

Flexeril

A

popular muscle relaxant

123
Q

Bactrim

A

combination sulfa drugs used to treat bladder infections

124
Q

Septra DS

A

combination sulfa drugs used to treat bladder infections

125
Q

Zofran

A

modern, very effective anitnausea drug

126
Q

tetracycline

A

old antibiotic used to treat acne often

127
Q

Nitro-Bid

A

long acting nitroglycerine for chest pain

128
Q

Nitrostat

A

tiny under the tongue emergency nitroglycerine pill

129
Q

isotretinoin

A

Accutane: for severe cystic acne

130
Q

gentamicin

A

antibiotic

131
Q

Lunesta

A

Rx insomnia drug

132
Q

Ambien

A

Rx insomnia drug

133
Q

1803

A

Morphine form opium

134
Q

1899

A

apsirin

135
Q

1908

A

sulfanilamide

136
Q

1922

A

insulin

137
Q

1942

A

pinicillin

138
Q

1945

A

benadryl

139
Q

1948

A

cortisone

140
Q

1957

A

first benodiazepine for anxiety disorders

141
Q

1958

A

Haldol for Schizophrenia

142
Q

1967

A

Inderal; first B blocker

143
Q

1977

A

Tagamet; H2 antag

144
Q

1982

A

human recombinant insulin first made (but in 1979 HGH was first made by recombinant)

145
Q

1987

A

Alteplase; first TPA

146
Q

1987

A

AZT (zidovudine, Retrovir); anti aids drugs

147
Q

Celebrex

A

COX2 inhibitor for arthritis

148
Q

2000

A

many decongestants and appetite suppressants withdrawn from market or reformulated b/c of phenylpropranolamine and ephedrine caused deaths

149
Q

2001

A

Anthrax attacks on US create demand fro fluroquinolone antibiotic ciroflaxin

150
Q

2002

A

Botox introduced for wrinkles; now for migraines

151
Q

2006

A

Gardasil; first vaccine against cancer (this one for cervical)

152
Q

2007

A

Zyrtec; first drug that is equal strength for Rx and OTC

153
Q

2014

A

only 25 years from discovery of Hep C to cure, Harvoni (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir)

154
Q

Harvoni

A

ledipasvir; sofosbuvir. Cure for Hep C, once a day pill for 12 weeks

155
Q

1912

A

pehnobarbital introduced for epilepsy

Pre-pharmacology (27 decks)

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