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LMS Modules Auraprep > Module 23: Head and spine injuries > Flashcards

Module 23: Head and spine injuries Flashcards

1
Q

Name the main cranial bones

A

1 frontal bone
2 parietal bones
2 temporal bones
1 occipital bone

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2
Q

Name the facial bones

A

nasal bones
maxillae
mandible
zygomatic (cheek) bones

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3
Q

When do the fontanelles begin to fuse to create sutures?

A

between one year and eighteen months

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4
Q

When might an EMT observe bulging fontanelles?

A

brain swelling in children less than eighteen months, who do not have fused fontanelles and are more prone to falling on their head

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5
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

exit point out of the skull for the spinal cord

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6
Q

What are the three layers between the skull and brain, or meninges?

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

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7
Q

Where are the arteries in the meninges?

A

epidural space (between dura and skull)

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8
Q

Where are the veins in the meninges?

A

subdural space (between dura and arachnoid)

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9
Q

autonomic nervous system is ____ while somatic is ___

A

involuntary
voluntary

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10
Q

The CNS consists of ____ and the PNS consists of ___

A

brain and spinal cord
everything else

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11
Q

How do we test the communication between CNS and PNS?

A

wiggling their fingers and toes (motory)
grabbing a finger/toe and asking pt which one you’re touching (sensory). Do this one at a time.

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12
Q

You may assume skull Fx when ….

A

CSF is coming from ears or nose

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13
Q

Compare retrograde to anterograde amnesia

A

retrograde: before the accident
anterograde: amnesia is after the accident

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14
Q

What are coup - contrecoup contusions?

A

rapid deceleration injuries
injury can occur on both sides, even though one side is impacted (think about brain/organs bouncing forward or to one side, coup, then back or to the other side, contre coup)

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15
Q

What are epidural hematomas?

A

arterial bleeding
unconsciousness may be preceded by lucid interval
low mortality rate if treated in time

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16
Q

What are subdural hematomas?

A

venous bleeding
slow onset
HIGH mortality rate

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17
Q

What is an intracerebral hemorrhage? What commonly causes it?

A

Bleeding inside the brain
common result of penetrating trauma
can mimic a CVA (stroke)
will result in rapid increase in ICP (intercranial pressure)

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18
Q

Name some signs and symptoms of head injuries

A

AMS
unequal pupils
Blood and CSF from ears and nose
racoon eyes
Battle’s signs
seizures
vomiting
abnormal breathing
changes to heart rate and BP
posturing

19
Q

What is herniation? Name the signs and symptoms

A

Build up of ICP leads to brain tissue herniating through foramen magnum

cushing’s reflex ,posturing, neurologic hyperventilation

20
Q

What are the three aspects of cushing’s reflex?

A

hypertension, bradycardia, irregular ventilation

21
Q

What is posturing? compare decerebrate to decorticate.

A

a sign of herniation
decorticate posturing (abnormally flexing hands toward head, toward the cord)
decerebrate posturing (abnormal extension of hands away from head)

22
Q

Name the sections of the spine in order and with numbers. There are __ vertebra total

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, cocyx
7, 12, 5, 5, 4
33

23
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end on the spine?

A

starts a foramen magnum, ends at L1

24
Q

The most anterior portion of the spine is the ___ and the most superior is the ___.

A

vertebral body
spinal process

25
Q

C3, C4, C5 keep the patient alive because of the ___nerve, which goes into the diaphragm

A

phrenic

26
Q

What are flexation spinal injuries?

A

chin to chest

27
Q

What are extension spinal injuries?

A

chin away from chest, ex whiplash

28
Q

What are distraction spinal injuries?

A

pulling apart of vertebra

29
Q

What are compression spinal injuries?

A

Vertebra come together

30
Q

Name three interventions that may be done differently due to suspected spinal injuries?

A

manually stabilize the spine (both hands on either side of head, two fingers under mandible)
jaw thrust
application of a c-collar

31
Q

What two devices can be used to transport spine injury pts?

A

long board and scoop stretchers

32
Q

When you lay a child flat on their back, what should be done to achieve neutral alignment?

A

roll towels up under back

33
Q

For patients who cannot fit a c-collar, what should be used instead?

A

DIY it: make sure they can’t move head side to side and front to back

34
Q

Your patient is a 21-year-old male who has massive face and head trauma after being assaulted. He is lying supine, is semiconscious, and has very large blood clots in his mouth. You should:

apply a c-collar, suction, and use BVM
suction, apply NRB
insert Nasal cannula and give 100% oxygen
manually stabilize his head, log roll onto side, and remove them with gloved fingers.

A

manually stabilize his head, log roll onto side, and remove them with gloved fingers.

35
Q

The brain, a part of the central nervous system (CNS), is divided into the:

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

36
Q

What is a contusion?

A

Actual physical injury to the brain

37
Q

What is a contusion?

A

Actual physical injury to the brain

38
Q

A 44-year-old man was struck in the back of the head and was reportedly unconscious for approximately 30 seconds. He complains of a severe headache and “seeing stars,” and states that he regained his memory shortly before your arrival. His presentation is MOST consistent with a(n):
intracerebral hemorrhage
concussion
contusion
subdural hematoma

A

concussion

39
Q

A patient who experiences an immediate loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval has a(n):

A

epidural hematoma

40
Q

Blood loss from a scalp laceration may contribute to ____ in adults

A

hypovolemic shock

41
Q

During spinal motion restriction, manual stabilization of the head must be maintained until:

A

the patient is placed on the stretcher

42
Q

What is a contusion?

A

Actual physical injury to the brain

43
Q

What is a contusion?

A

Actual physical injury to the brain

44
Q

What is a contusion?

A

Actual physical injury to the brain

LMS Modules Auraprep (36 decks)

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