Module 20: Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards
Who is credited with the birth of modern chemotherapy?
Paul Ehrlich
Who observed the growth of bacteria on a petri plate and worked to discover antibiotics?
Alexander Flemming
What was the first antibiotic to be discovered?
Penicillin
What bacteria genus is responsible for more than half of modern antibiotics?
Streptomyces
What type of organism is the easiest to treat with antibiotics?
Bacteria
What is the disadvantage to using broad spectrum antibiotics?
They can harm the host’s normal flora
What term means that an antibiotic stops the growth of bacteria but does not necessarily kill it?
Bacteriostatic
What term means that an antibiotic kills bacteria?
Bactericidal
What common antimicrobial drug is known to have a very broad spectrum?
Tetracyclines
How does penicillin work?
Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
How does chloramphenicol work?
Inhibiting protein synthesis
How does an antimicrobial drug that targets sterols work?
Injuring the plasma membrane
What was the first penicillinase-resistant drug to be developed?
Methicillin
Why are gram-negative bacteria more resistant to antibiotics?
Their cell wall restricts absorption of molecules
What is the term for assessing the risks and benefits when administering a drug?
Therapeutic index
What percentage of antibiotics produced in the US are used in animal feeds to promote growth?
70%
What is the first criteria for an effective antimicrobial drug?
Selective toxicity
What is the second criteria for an effective antimicrobial drug?
Doesn’t stimulate hypersensitivity reactions
What is the third criteria for an effective antimicrobial drug?
Solubility in human tissues
What is the fourth criteria for an effective antimicrobial drug?
Doesn’t degrade or dissolve too quickly
What is the fifth criteria for an effective antimicrobial drug?
Long shelf life
What is the sixth criteria for an effective antimicrobial drug?
Doesn’t cause rapid resistance
What is the seventh criteria for an effective antimicrobial drug?
Doesn’t hard normal flora
What drug is used to treat genital herpes?
Acyclovir
What process does chloramphenicol interfere with?
Translation
What process do sulfa drugs interfere with?
Folic acid synthesis
What structure does polymyxin B interfere with?
Plasma membrane
What process does B-lactamase interfere with?
Penicillin resistance
What is MIC?
Minimum inhibitory concentration
What is MBC?
Minimum bactericidal concentration
What process does rifampin interfere with?
Transcription
What causes a superinfection?
Upsetting normal flora
What two types of microbes are tetracyclines not effective against?
Gram-negative bacteria and Mycobacterium
What drug is used to treat fungal infections?
Amphotericin B
What drug is used to treat malaria?
Chloroquine
