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Microbiology (2060) > Module 15: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity > Flashcards

Module 15: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for a change from a state of health?

A

Disease

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2
Q

What is the term for a disease caused by a pathogen?

A

Infectious disease

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3
Q

Name 4 things a microbe must do in order to cause disease

A
  1. Access the host
  2. Adhere to the host
  3. Penetrate/evade the host’s defenses
  4. Damage host tissues
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4
Q

What is the most important determinant of disease initiation and outcome?

A

Host immunity

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5
Q

What is the term for the ability of a microbe to cause disease in a host cell?

A

Pathogenicity

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6
Q

What is the term for the relative degree of pathogenicity?

A

Virulence

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7
Q

What is the term for the place a microbe enters a host?

A

Portal of entry

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8
Q

What 3 portals of entry are specific to females?

A

Mammary glands, vagina, and placenta

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9
Q

What is the most frequently used portal of entry?

A

Respiratory tract

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10
Q

What is the term for the membranes that line the body cavities that open to the outside?

A

Mucous membranes

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10
Q

Name 3 microbes that can cross the placenta

A

T. pallidum, HIV, and T. gondii

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11
Q

Why is unbroken skin a good barrier against infection?

A

Lots of layers

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12
Q

What is the term for the portal of entry in which there is a break in the skin?

A

Parenteral route

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13
Q

Insect bites would be transmitted via what portal of entry?

A

Parenteral route

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14
Q

What is the term for the number of microbes that are first introduced to the host?

A

Infecting dose

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15
Q

What is the term for the dose of microbes that if infected would cause disease in 50% of the population?

A

ID50

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16
Q

What is the term for the dose of microbes that if infected would cause death in 50% of the population?

A

LD50

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17
Q

What is the term for the parts of a bacterial cell wall that help it survive the normal flow inside the body?

A

Adhesins

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18
Q

The majority of adhesins are made of

A

Proteins

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19
Q

What are 4 components of bacteria that help them evade phagocytosis?

A

Capsules, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), mycolic acid, and slime layers

20
Q

What two types of human cells help kill bacteria?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

21
Q

What type of bacterial cell wall contains lipopolysaccharides?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

22
Q

What is the enzyme that causes coagulation?

23
Q

What is the enzyme that helps break up clots?

A

Fibrinolysin

24
What is the enzyme that breaks down hylauronic acid?
Hyaluronidase
25
What is the enzyme that breaks down collagen?
Collagenase
26
What is the enzyme that breaks down IgA antibodies?
IgA protease
27
What is a bacterium that uses hyaluronidase and collagenase to cause gas gangrene?
C. perfringens
28
What is the term for a microbe changing its appearance so that the host's immune system does not recognize it?
Antigenic variation
29
What type if viruses often do antigenic variation?
RNA viruses
30
What is the term for the movement of a membrane that allows bacteria to pass through human cells?
Membrane ruffling
31
What protein do bacteria cells make that helps them rearrange the host's membrane?
Invasin
32
What are 2 bacteria that produce and use invasion?
Salmonella and E. coli
33
What is the term for something made by bacterial cells that collects free iron?
Siderophores
34
What is the term for a toxin that is released into the environment?
Exotoxin
35
What is the term for that is released from the outer membrane of a cell?
Endotoxin
36
What is the term for exotoxins that attack nerves?
Neurotoxins
37
What is the term for exotoxins that attack the intestine?
Enterotoxins
38
What is one example of an enterotoxin?
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
39
What is the term for a membrane disrupting exotoxin that attacks phagocytic white blood cells?
Leukocidin
40
What is the term for an exotoxin that causes hemolysis of red blood cells?
Hemolysin
41
What is the term for something that can cause a fever?
Pyrogens
42
What are 3 side effects of endotoxins?
Fever, shock, miscarriage
43
What condition is characterized by abnormal clotting all over the body and is cause by endotoxins?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
44
What is the test performed to test for endotoxins?
LAL (limulus amoebocyte lysate assay)
45
What is the term for responses of your immune system that damage itself?
Hypersensitivity reactions
46
What is one example of a microbe that causes hypersensitivity reactions?
S. pyogenes
47
What are 5 portals of exit for a microbe?
1. Respiratory 2. Feces 3. Genitourinary 4. Skin 5. Transplacental
48
What is the term for marking a microbe to be destroyed by the immune system?
Opsonization

Microbiology (2060) (21 decks)

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