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Microbiology (2060) > Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is credited with the birth of modern chemotherapy?

A

Paul Ehrlich

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2
Q

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

A

Penicillin

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3
Q

What species is the source of more than half of modern antibiotics?

A

Streptomyces

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4
Q

What type of microbes are easiest to treat with antimicrobial drugs?

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

Why can using broad-spectrum antibiotics be a disadvantage?

A

They can kill normal microbes

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6
Q

What term means that a drug stops bacteria from growing?

A

Bacteriostatic

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7
Q

What term means that a drug kills bacteria?

A

Bactericidal

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8
Q

Which antimicrobial has the broadest spectrum?

A

Tetracylines

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9
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

Inhibiting cell-wall synthesis

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10
Q

What type of ribosomes do eukaryotes have?

A

80S

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11
Q

What type of ribosomes do prokaryotes have?

A

70S

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12
Q

The relationship between antimetabolite sulfanilamide and PABA is an example of what?

A

Competitive inhibition

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13
Q

How does chloramphenicol work?

A

Inhibiting protein synthesis

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14
Q

Targeting sterols is what type of method?

A

Injuring the plasma membrane

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15
Q

What was the first penicillinase-resistant drug to be developed?

A

Methicillin

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16
Q

Why are gram-negative bacteria more resistant to antibiotics?

A

Their cell wall restricts absorption of molecules through porins

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17
Q

What is the term for assessing the risks and benefits when administering drugs?

A

Therapeutic index

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18
Q

What happens to 70% of antibiotics produced in the US?

A

They are used in animal feed to promote growth

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19
Q

What does MIC mean?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration

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20
Q

What are the 3 tests that can be done to test antibiotic effectiveness?

A

Disk-diffusion method, E-test, and broth dilution test

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21
Q

How to you test if an antimicrobial drug is bactericidal?

A

Broth dilution test

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22
Q

What is the term for “treating a disease with chemicals that are taken into the body?”

A

Chemotherapy

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23
Q

What is the term for the drug used in chemotherapy?

A

Chemotherapeutic agent

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24
Q

What was the arsenic compound that was used as a “magic bullet” to cure syphilis?

A

Salvarsan

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25
Q

Who discovered prontosil?

A

Gerhard Domagk

26
Q

What does prontosil protect from?

A

Staphylococci and hemolytic strep

27
Q

What is the common use for prontosil?

A

UTI treatment

28
Q

Who discovered lysozyme?

A

Alexander Flemming

29
Q

How many criteria are there for an effective antimicrobial drug?

A

7

30
Q

What are the 7 criteria for an effective antimicrobial drug?

A
  1. Selective toxicity
  2. No hypersensitivity reactions
  3. Soluble in human tissues
  4. Should not be degraded or excreted too quickly
  5. Long shelf-life
  6. No rapid resistance to new strains
  7. Doesn’t get rid of normal flora
31
Q

What is one species of bacteria that tetracyclines are not effective against?

A

Mycobacteria

32
Q

What drug class is effective against mycobacteria, making it narrow-spectrum?

A

Isoniazid

33
Q

Are most clinical drugs bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

34
Q

What are the 5 ways antimicrobial drugs work?

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall
  2. Inhibit protein synthesis
  3. Inhibit DNA copying
  4. Injury to the plasma membrane
  5. Inhibit essential metabolites
35
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that inhibits cell walls

A

Staphylococcus

36
Q

Give two examples of a class of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Tetracyclines, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol

37
Q

During which cycle are cell wall inhibitors most effective?

A

During the log phase

38
Q

How do tetracyclines inhibit translation?

A

Interferes with attachment of tRNA

39
Q

How does erythromycin inhibit translation?

A

Stops the ribosome from moving along the mRNA

40
Q

How does chloramphenicol inhibit translation?

A

Inhibits peptide bond between individual amino acids

41
Q

What class of drug targets RNA polymerase?

A

Rifampin

42
Q

Which two drugs target gyrase and topoisomerase IV?

A

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

43
Q

Give an example of two drugs that damage the cell membrane

A

Amphotericin B and Polymyxins

44
Q

Amphotericin B is typically used against which group of microbes?

A

Funguses

45
Q

What common virus causes gastroenteritis?

A

Rotavirus

46
Q

What percent of infectious diseases are caused by bacteria?

A

15%

47
Q

What percent of infectious diseases are caused by viruses?

A

60%

48
Q

What antiviral drug inhibits the uncoating of the influenza virus?

A

Amantadine

49
Q

What antiviral drug is a neuraminidase inhibitor that blocks the release of influenza virus from its host cell?

A

Oseltamivir (tamiflu)

50
Q

What antiviral drug resembles guanine and shuts down the synthesis of herpes virus DNA?

A

Acyclovir

51
Q

What cream stimulates interferon production and is used to treat genital herpes?

A

Imiquimod

52
Q

What antiviral drug is used for viral hepatitis?

A

Alpha interferon

53
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

54
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

55
Q

What antiviral drug interferes with reverse transcriptase and is used to treat AIDS?

A

Azidothymidine

56
Q

What antiviral drug interferes with the assembly of new virus particles and is used to treat AIDS?

A

Protease inhibitors

57
Q

Name 3 anti-malaria drugs

A
  1. Quinine
  2. Chloroquine
  3. Artemisinin
58
Q

Name 3 anti-protozoan drugs

A
  1. Quinacrine
  2. Metronidazole
  3. Tinidazole
59
Q

Name 2 drugs used to treat tapeworms and flukes

A
  1. Praziquantel
  2. Niclosamide
60
Q

Name 2 drugs used to treat helminths

A
  1. Mebendazole

Microbiology (2060) (11 decks)

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