Antimicrobial Drugs

Question 1

Who is credited with the birth of modern chemotherapy?

Answer 1

Paul Ehrlich

Question 2

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

Answer 2

Penicillin

Question 3

What species is the source of more than half of modern antibiotics?

Answer 3

Streptomyces

Question 4

What type of microbes are easiest to treat with antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 4

Bacteria

Question 5

Why can using broad-spectrum antibiotics be a disadvantage?

Answer 5

They can kill normal microbes

Question 6

What term means that a drug stops bacteria from growing?

Answer 6

Bacteriostatic

Question 7

What term means that a drug kills bacteria?

Answer 7

Bactericidal

Question 8

Which antimicrobial has the broadest spectrum?

Answer 8

Tetracylines

Question 9

How does penicillin work?

Answer 9

Inhibiting cell-wall synthesis

Question 10

What type of ribosomes do eukaryotes have?

Answer 10

80S

Question 11

What type of ribosomes do prokaryotes have?

Answer 11

70S

Question 12

The relationship between antimetabolite sulfanilamide and PABA is an example of what?

Answer 12

Competitive inhibition

Question 13

How does chloramphenicol work?

Answer 13

Inhibiting protein synthesis

Question 14

Targeting sterols is what type of method?

Answer 14

Injuring the plasma membrane

Question 15

What was the first penicillinase-resistant drug to be developed?

Answer 15

Methicillin

Question 16

Why are gram-negative bacteria more resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 16

Their cell wall restricts absorption of molecules through porins

Question 17

What is the term for assessing the risks and benefits when administering drugs?

Answer 17

Therapeutic index

Question 18

What happens to 70% of antibiotics produced in the US?

Answer 18

They are used in animal feed to promote growth

Question 19

What does MIC mean?

Answer 19

Minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 20

What are the 3 tests that can be done to test antibiotic effectiveness?

Answer 20

Disk-diffusion method, E-test, and broth dilution test

Question 21

How to you test if an antimicrobial drug is bactericidal?

Answer 21

Broth dilution test

Question 22

What is the term for “treating a disease with chemicals that are taken into the body?”

Answer 22

Chemotherapy

Question 23

What is the term for the drug used in chemotherapy?

Answer 23

Chemotherapeutic agent

Question 24

What was the arsenic compound that was used as a “magic bullet” to cure syphilis?

Answer 24

Salvarsan

Question 25

Who discovered prontosil?

Answer 25

Gerhard Domagk

Question 26

What does prontosil protect from?

Answer 26

Staphylococci and hemolytic strep

Question 27

What is the common use for prontosil?

Answer 27

UTI treatment

Question 28

Who discovered lysozyme?

Answer 28

Alexander Flemming

Question 29

How many criteria are there for an effective antimicrobial drug?

Answer 29

7

Question 30

What are the 7 criteria for an effective antimicrobial drug?

Answer 30

1. Selective toxicity 2. No hypersensitivity reactions 3. Soluble in human tissues 4. Should not be degraded or excreted too quickly 5. Long shelf-life 6. No rapid resistance to new strains 7. Doesn't get rid of normal flora

Question 31

What is one species of bacteria that tetracyclines are not effective against?

Answer 31

Mycobacteria

Question 32

What drug class is effective against mycobacteria, making it narrow-spectrum?

Answer 32

Isoniazid

Question 33

Are most clinical drugs bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 33

Bactericidal

Question 34

What are the 5 ways antimicrobial drugs work?

Answer 34

1. Inhibit cell wall 2. Inhibit protein synthesis 3. Inhibit DNA copying 4. Injury to the plasma membrane 5. Inhibit essential metabolites

Question 35

Give an example of a bacteria that inhibits cell walls

Answer 35

Staphylococcus

Question 36

Give two examples of a class of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 36

Tetracyclines, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol

Question 37

During which cycle are cell wall inhibitors most effective?

Answer 37

During the log phase

Question 38

How do tetracyclines inhibit translation?

Answer 38

Interferes with attachment of tRNA

Question 39

How does erythromycin inhibit translation?

Answer 39

Stops the ribosome from moving along the mRNA

Question 40

How does chloramphenicol inhibit translation?

Answer 40

Inhibits peptide bond between individual amino acids

Question 41

What class of drug targets RNA polymerase?

Answer 41

Rifampin

Question 42

Which two drugs target gyrase and topoisomerase IV?

Answer 42

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones

Question 43

Give an example of two drugs that damage the cell membrane

Answer 43

Amphotericin B and Polymyxins

Question 44

Amphotericin B is typically used against which group of microbes?

Answer 44

Funguses

Question 45

What common virus causes gastroenteritis?

Answer 45

Rotavirus

Question 46

What percent of infectious diseases are caused by bacteria?

Answer 46

15%

Question 47

What percent of infectious diseases are caused by viruses?

Answer 47

60%

Question 48

What antiviral drug inhibits the uncoating of the influenza virus?

Answer 48

Amantadine

Question 49

What antiviral drug is a neuraminidase inhibitor that blocks the release of influenza virus from its host cell?

Answer 49

Oseltamivir (tamiflu)

Question 50

What antiviral drug resembles guanine and shuts down the synthesis of herpes virus DNA?

Answer 50

Acyclovir

Question 51

What cream stimulates interferon production and is used to treat genital herpes?

Answer 51

Imiquimod

Question 52

What antiviral drug is used for viral hepatitis?

Answer 52

Alpha interferon

Question 53

What does HIV stand for?

Answer 53

Human immunodeficiency virus

Question 54

What does AIDS stand for?

Answer 54

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 55

What antiviral drug interferes with reverse transcriptase and is used to treat AIDS?

Answer 55

Azidothymidine

Question 56

What antiviral drug interferes with the assembly of new virus particles and is used to treat AIDS?

Answer 56

Protease inhibitors

Question 57

Name 3 anti-malaria drugs

Answer 57

1. Quinine 2. Chloroquine 3. Artemisinin

Question 58

Name 3 anti-protozoan drugs

Answer 58

1. Quinacrine 2. Metronidazole 3. Tinidazole

Question 59

Name 2 drugs used to treat tapeworms and flukes

Answer 59

1. Praziquantel 2. Niclosamide

Question 60

Name 2 drugs used to treat helminths

Answer 60

1. Mebendazole