Module 2: Chemical Principles Flashcards
What is the term for the smallest, most basic unit of a chemical element?
Atom
What are the 4 most abundant elements?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
What are the 3 subatomic particles?
Neutron
Electron
Proton
What type of electrical charge do atoms have?
Neutral charge
What is the term for two or more atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons?
Covalent bonds
What type of chemical bond is formed by the transfer of electrons?
Ionic bonds
What type of bond can have two or three bonds at a time?
Covalent bonds
What is the classification for a bond with unequal sharing?
Polar bond
What type of bonding happens between two polar bonds?
Hydrogen bonding
What type of bonds are the weakest?
Hydrogen bonds
What is the term for making or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms?
Chemical reactions
What is the term for the type of reaction where a larger molecule that is formed from two smaller molecules joining together?
Anabolic reaction
What is the term for the type of reaction where a molecule is split apart and forms two smaller molecules?
Catabolic reaction
What is the term meaning “releasing energy?”
Exergonic
What are the 4 common organic compounds?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
What is the pH that most organisms grow best?
6.5-8.5
What item can be used to help keep pH from getting too acidic or basic?
A pH buffer
Which organic compound is not a polymer?
Lipids
What process can be characterized by a covalent bond formed between two monomers?
Dehydration synthesis
What process can be characterized by a covalent bond between two monomers being broken apart?
Hydrolysis
What is a common complex lipid?
Mycobacterium
What type of organic molecule is a lipid and is important in membranes?
Steroid
What 3 environmental factors can lead to protein structure denaturation?
Temperature, pH, and salt concentration
What molecules catalyze chemical reactions?
Enzymes
What is the term for bacterial proteins that can kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria?
Bacteriocins
What is the term for toxins that are secreted and can kill nearby cells?
Exotoxins
What are two examples of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What are the three components of a nucleic acid?
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base
