Module 2: Chemical Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the smallest, most basic unit of a chemical element?

A

Atom

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2
Q

What are the 4 most abundant elements?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen

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3
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles?

A

Neutron
Electron
Proton

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4
Q

What type of electrical charge do atoms have?

A

Neutral charge

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5
Q

What is the term for two or more atoms bonded together?

A

Molecule

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6
Q

What type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons?

A

Covalent bonds

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7
Q

What type of chemical bond is formed by the transfer of electrons?

A

Ionic bonds

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8
Q

What type of bond can have two or three bonds at a time?

A

Covalent bonds

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9
Q

What is the classification for a bond with unequal sharing?

A

Polar bond

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10
Q

What type of bonding happens between two polar bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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11
Q

What type of bonds are the weakest?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What is the term for making or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms?

A

Chemical reactions

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13
Q

What is the term for the type of reaction where a larger molecule that is formed from two smaller molecules joining together?

A

Anabolic reaction

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14
Q

What is the term for the type of reaction where a molecule is split apart and forms two smaller molecules?

A

Catabolic reaction

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15
Q

What is the term meaning “releasing energy?”

A

Exergonic

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16
Q

What are the 4 common organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

17
Q

What is the pH that most organisms grow best?

18
Q

What item can be used to help keep pH from getting too acidic or basic?

A

A pH buffer

19
Q

Which organic compound is not a polymer?

20
Q

What process can be characterized by a covalent bond formed between two monomers?

A

Dehydration synthesis

21
Q

What process can be characterized by a covalent bond between two monomers being broken apart?

A

Hydrolysis

22
Q

What is a common complex lipid?

A

Mycobacterium

23
Q

What type of organic molecule is a lipid and is important in membranes?

24
Q

What 3 environmental factors can lead to protein structure denaturation?

A

Temperature, pH, and salt concentration

25
What molecules catalyze chemical reactions?
Enzymes
26
What is the term for bacterial proteins that can kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria?
Bacteriocins
27
What is the term for toxins that are secreted and can kill nearby cells?
Exotoxins
28
What are two examples of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
29
What are the three components of a nucleic acid?
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base