Module 16: Innate Immunity

Question 1

What is the term that means “lack of resistance?”

Answer 1

Susceptibility

Question 2

What are the two general kinds of resistance?

Answer 2

Innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)

Question 3

What are the partially water-proofing cells found in the top three layers of the epidermis?

Answer 3

keratin

Question 4

Skin infections are more common when the skin is __________

Answer 4

Moist or broken

Question 5

What is the scientific name of athlete’s foot?

Answer 5

Tinea pedis

Question 6

What is the term for wearing away of the skin?

Answer 6

Abrasion

Question 7

What is the term for a cut or break in the skin?

Answer 7

Laceration

Question 8

What is the term for the membrane that lines all tracts open to the outside of the body that is made of stratified epithelium?

Answer 8

Mucous membrane

Question 9

What produces tears?

Answer 9

The lacrimal apparatus

Question 10

What is the antibacterial enzyme found in tears?

Answer 10

Lysozyme

Question 11

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 11

Lines the respiratory tract and moves foreign objects back up the trachea and out the mouth

Question 12

What type of bacterial are targeted by lysozyme?

Answer 12

Gram-positives

Question 13

Why is lysozyme effective against gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 13

It targets peptidoglycan that is mainly found in gram-positives

Question 14

What is the chemical function of sebaceous glands?

Answer 14

Secretion of sebum that lowers skin pH

Question 15

What is the typical pH of gastric juice?

Answer 15

1.2-3.0

Question 16

What is the typical pH of saliva?

Answer 16

6.55-6.85

Question 17

What is the typical pH of urine?

Answer 17

6

Question 18

What it the typical pH of the adult vagina?

Answer 18

3-5

Question 19

What is the typical pH of earwax?

Answer 19

3-5

Question 20

What two bacterial species have some resistance to gastric juice?

Answer 20

C. botulinum and S. aureus

Question 21

What bacteria neutralizes stomach acidity and can therefore cause stomach ulcers?

Answer 21

H. pylori

Question 22

What does the concentration of hydrogen atoms look like when the pH is low?

Answer 22

High concentration of hydrogen atoms

Question 23

What does the concentration of hydrogen atoms look like when the pH is high?

Answer 23

Low concentration of hydrogen atoms

Question 24

What type of cells produce mucus in mucous membranes?

Answer 24

Goblet cels

Question 25

What are 3 examples of the first line of defense?

Answer 25

Skin Tears Saliva

Question 26

How does the ciliary escalator work?

Answer 26

Moving microbes toward the throat so they can be expelled

Question 27

What chemical lowers the pH of the skin?

Answer 27

Sebum

Question 28

What substance in perspiration breaks down cells of gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 28

Lysozyme

Question 29

What is the protein-digesting enzyme produced by NK cells that induces apoptosis?

Answer 29

Granzyme

Question 30

What is the term for cell death?

Answer 30

Apoptosis

Question 31

Which leukocytes function to produce toxins against helminths?

Answer 31

Eosinophils

Question 32

What type of cell is classified as an agranulocyte?

Answer 32

Monocyte

Question 33

What type of cell leaves the bloodstream and matures into a macrophage?

Answer 33

Monocytes

Question 34

What are 3 examples of second lines of defense?

Answer 34

Inflammation, fever, phagocytic cells

Question 35

What is the term for the attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms?

Answer 35

Chemotaxis

Question 36

What type of white blood cell dominates during the initial phase of a bacterial infection?

Answer 36

Neutrophils

Question 37

How do phagocytes attach to pathogens?

Answer 37

Toll-like receptors

Question 38

What is the term for pseudopods of a phagocyte fuse and surround a microorganism?

Answer 38

Phagosome

Question 39

What numbers are used to describe complement proteins?

Answer 39

C1-C9

Question 40

What must an animal cell be infected by in order to produce interferons?

Answer 40

Virus

Question 41

What do interferons induce uninfected cells to produce?

Answer 41

Antiviral proteins

Question 42

How do bacteria evade the complement system?

Answer 42

Capsules

Question 43

What is the term for live microbial cultures that are applied or ingested that have an antimicrobial effect?

Answer 43

Probiotics

Question 44

What is the term for chemicals released by defensive cells that regulate intensity and duration of immune response?

Answer 44

Cytokines

Question 45

What recently discovered substances are short chains of amino acids that may be one of the most important components of innate immunity?

Answer 45

Antimicrobial peptides

Question 46

What chemical present in mast cells and basophils causes vasodilation in response to injury?

Answer 46

Histamines

Question 47

What substance does the hypothalamus release because of cytokines?

Answer 47

Prostaglandins

Question 48

What makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis?

Answer 48

Opsonization

Question 49

What bacteria would be most likely to evade macrophages?

Answer 49

Mycobacterium

Question 50

What is the function of leukocidin?

Answer 50

To destroy/kill leukocytes

Question 51

What protein found in neutrophils, mucus secretions, saliva, and other body secretions and binds to iron?

Answer 51

Lactoferrin

Question 52

What type of leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood?

Answer 52

Neutrophils

Question 53

What substance becomes lymph?

Answer 53

Interstitial fluid

Question 54

What hypothesis states that Lactobacillus can be used to treat some bacterial infections?

Answer 54

Microbial antagonism