Module 16: Innate Immunity Flashcards
Defenses of the host that are engrained
What is the term that means “lack of resistance?”
Susceptibility
What are the two general kinds of resistance?
Innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)
What are the partially water-proofing cells found in the top three layers of the epidermis?
keratin
Skin infections are more common when the skin is __________
Moist or broken
What is the scientific name of athlete’s foot?
Tinea pedis
What is the term for wearing away of the skin?
Abrasion
What is the term for a cut or break in the skin?
Laceration
What is the term for the membrane that lines all tracts open to the outside of the body that is made of stratified epithelium?
Mucous membrane
What produces tears?
The lacrimal apparatus
What is the antibacterial enzyme found in tears?
Lysozyme
What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?
Lines the respiratory tract and moves foreign objects back up the trachea and out the mouth
What type of bacterial are targeted by lysozyme?
Gram-positives
Why is lysozyme effective against gram-positive bacteria?
It targets peptidoglycan that is mainly found in gram-positives
What is the chemical function of sebaceous glands?
Secretion of sebum that lowers skin pH
What is the typical pH of gastric juice?
1.2-3.0
What is the typical pH of saliva?
6.55-6.85
What is the typical pH of urine?
6
What it the typical pH of the adult vagina?
3-5
What is the typical pH of earwax?
3-5
What two bacterial species have some resistance to gastric juice?
C. botulinum and S. aureus
What bacteria neutralizes stomach acidity and can therefore cause stomach ulcers?
H. pylori
What does the concentration of hydrogen atoms look like when the pH is low?
High concentration of hydrogen atoms
What does the concentration of hydrogen atoms look like when the pH is high?
Low concentration of hydrogen atoms
What type of cells produce mucus in mucous membranes?
Goblet cels
What are 3 examples of the first line of defense?
Skin
Tears
Saliva
How does the ciliary escalator work?
Moving microbes toward the throat so they can be expelled
What chemical lowers the pH of the skin?
Sebum
What substance in perspiration breaks down cells of gram-negative bacteria?
Lysozyme
What is the protein-digesting enzyme produced by NK cells that induces apoptosis?
Granzyme
What is the term for cell death?
Apoptosis
Which leukocytes function to produce toxins against helminths?
Eosinophils
What type of cell is classified as an agranulocyte?
Monocyte
What type of cell leaves the bloodstream and matures into a macrophage?
Monocytes
What are 3 examples of second lines of defense?
Inflammation, fever, phagocytic cells
What is the term for the attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms?
Chemotaxis
What type of white blood cell dominates during the initial phase of a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
How do phagocytes attach to pathogens?
Toll-like receptors
What is the term for pseudopods of a phagocyte fuse and surround a microorganism?
Phagosome
What numbers are used to describe complement proteins?
C1-C9
What must an animal cell be infected by in order to produce interferons?
Virus
What do interferons induce uninfected cells to produce?
Antiviral proteins
How do bacteria evade the complement system?
Capsules
What is the term for live microbial cultures that are applied or ingested that have an antimicrobial effect?
Probiotics
What is the term for chemicals released by defensive cells that regulate intensity and duration of immune response?
Cytokines
What recently discovered substances are short chains of amino acids that may be one of the most important components of innate immunity?
Antimicrobial peptides
What chemical present in mast cells and basophils causes vasodilation in response to injury?
Histamines
What substance does the hypothalamus release because of cytokines?
Prostaglandins
What makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis?
Opsonization
What bacteria would be most likely to evade macrophages?
Mycobacterium
What is the function of leukocidin?
To destroy/kill leukocytes
What protein found in neutrophils, mucus secretions, saliva, and other body secretions and binds to iron?
Lactoferrin
What type of leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood?
Neutrophils
What substance becomes lymph?
Interstitial fluid
What hypothesis states that Lactobacillus can be used to treat some bacterial infections?
Microbial antagonism
