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Microbiology (2060) > Module 16: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Module 16: Innate Immunity Flashcards

Defenses of the host that are engrained

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the term that means “lack of resistance?”

A

Susceptibility

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2
Q

What are the two general kinds of resistance?

A

Innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)

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3
Q

What are the partially water-proofing cells found in the top three layers of the epidermis?

A

keratin

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4
Q

Skin infections are more common when the skin is __________

A

Moist or broken

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5
Q

What is the scientific name of athlete’s foot?

A

Tinea pedis

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6
Q

What is the term for wearing away of the skin?

A

Abrasion

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7
Q

What is the term for a cut or break in the skin?

A

Laceration

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8
Q

What is the term for the membrane that lines all tracts open to the outside of the body that is made of stratified epithelium?

A

Mucous membrane

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9
Q

What produces tears?

A

The lacrimal apparatus

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10
Q

What is the antibacterial enzyme found in tears?

A

Lysozyme

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11
Q

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

A

Lines the respiratory tract and moves foreign objects back up the trachea and out the mouth

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12
Q

What type of bacterial are targeted by lysozyme?

A

Gram-positives

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13
Q

Why is lysozyme effective against gram-positive bacteria?

A

It targets peptidoglycan that is mainly found in gram-positives

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14
Q

What is the chemical function of sebaceous glands?

A

Secretion of sebum that lowers skin pH

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15
Q

What is the typical pH of gastric juice?

A

1.2-3.0

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16
Q

What is the typical pH of saliva?

A

6.55-6.85

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17
Q

What is the typical pH of urine?

A

6

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18
Q

What it the typical pH of the adult vagina?

A

3-5

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19
Q

What is the typical pH of earwax?

A

3-5

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20
Q

What two bacterial species have some resistance to gastric juice?

A

C. botulinum and S. aureus

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21
Q

What bacteria neutralizes stomach acidity and can therefore cause stomach ulcers?

A

H. pylori

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22
Q

What does the concentration of hydrogen atoms look like when the pH is low?

A

High concentration of hydrogen atoms

23
Q

What does the concentration of hydrogen atoms look like when the pH is high?

A

Low concentration of hydrogen atoms

24
Q

What type of cells produce mucus in mucous membranes?

A

Goblet cels

25
Q

What are 3 examples of the first line of defense?

A

Skin
Tears
Saliva

26
Q

How does the ciliary escalator work?

A

Moving microbes toward the throat so they can be expelled

27
Q

What chemical lowers the pH of the skin?

A

Sebum

28
Q

What substance in perspiration breaks down cells of gram-negative bacteria?

A

Lysozyme

29
Q

What is the protein-digesting enzyme produced by NK cells that induces apoptosis?

A

Granzyme

30
Q

What is the term for cell death?

A

Apoptosis

31
Q

Which leukocytes function to produce toxins against helminths?

A

Eosinophils

32
Q

What type of cell is classified as an agranulocyte?

A

Monocyte

33
Q

What type of cell leaves the bloodstream and matures into a macrophage?

A

Monocytes

34
Q

What are 3 examples of second lines of defense?

A

Inflammation, fever, phagocytic cells

35
Q

What is the term for the attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms?

A

Chemotaxis

36
Q

What type of white blood cell dominates during the initial phase of a bacterial infection?

A

Neutrophils

37
Q

How do phagocytes attach to pathogens?

A

Toll-like receptors

38
Q

What is the term for pseudopods of a phagocyte fuse and surround a microorganism?

A

Phagosome

39
Q

What numbers are used to describe complement proteins?

A

C1-C9

40
Q

What must an animal cell be infected by in order to produce interferons?

A

Virus

41
Q

What do interferons induce uninfected cells to produce?

A

Antiviral proteins

42
Q

How do bacteria evade the complement system?

A

Capsules

43
Q

What is the term for live microbial cultures that are applied or ingested that have an antimicrobial effect?

A

Probiotics

44
Q

What is the term for chemicals released by defensive cells that regulate intensity and duration of immune response?

A

Cytokines

45
Q

What recently discovered substances are short chains of amino acids that may be one of the most important components of innate immunity?

A

Antimicrobial peptides

46
Q

What chemical present in mast cells and basophils causes vasodilation in response to injury?

A

Histamines

47
Q

What substance does the hypothalamus release because of cytokines?

A

Prostaglandins

48
Q

What makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization

49
Q

What bacteria would be most likely to evade macrophages?

A

Mycobacterium

50
Q

What is the function of leukocidin?

A

To destroy/kill leukocytes

51
Q

What protein found in neutrophils, mucus secretions, saliva, and other body secretions and binds to iron?

A

Lactoferrin

52
Q

What type of leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood?

A

Neutrophils

53
Q

What substance becomes lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid

54
Q

What hypothesis states that Lactobacillus can be used to treat some bacterial infections?

A

Microbial antagonism

Microbiology (2060) (21 decks)

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