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Microbiology (2060) > Module 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Module 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the cause of a disease?

A

Etiology

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2
Q

What is the term for how a disease develops?

A

Pathogenesis

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3
Q

What is the term for microorganisms that can cause disease?

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

What is the term for things that increase a pathogen’s ability to make you sick and cause disease?

A

Virulence factors

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5
Q

What is the term for the first step in microbial interaction when the immune system is working to get rid of a pathogen but no cell damage has occured?

A

Infection

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6
Q

What is the term for the progression of infection where cell damage occurs and the immune system has failed to clear out the pathogen?

A

Disease

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7
Q

What is the term for a location where something is not normally found?

A

Ectopic site

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8
Q

What is the term for certain microbes that are present for a short amount of time?

A

Transient microbiota

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9
Q

What is a newborn’s first contact with microbes?

A

Vaginobacillus at birth

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10
Q

What percent of our cells are human?

A

10%

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11
Q

Is the majority of our microbiota aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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12
Q

What is the term for normal microbiota preventing the growth of harmful microbes?

A

Microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion

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13
Q

What bacteria is commonly found in the vagina and aids in microbial antagonism?

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

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14
Q

What is the term for the relationship between two organisms?

A

Symbiosis

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of symbiosis?

A

Commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism

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16
Q

Describe commensalism

A

One organism benefits and one is unaffected

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17
Q

Describe parasitism

A

One organism benefits and one is harmed

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18
Q

Describe mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

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19
Q

What is the term for live microbial cultures that improve health by promoting beneficial normal flora?

A

Probiotics

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20
Q

What is the term for a substance that contains things that act as food for probiotics?

A

Prebiotics

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21
Q

What is a common treatment for C. difficile?

A

Fecal transplant/fecal bacteriotherapy

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22
Q

What is the method that is sprayed on baby chicks to help prevent salmonella?

A

Preempt

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23
Q

Name 4 opportunistic pathogens

A

N. meningitidis, P. jirovecii, E. coli, and S. pneumoniae

24
Q

What is the term for any disease that spreads from one host to another?

A

Communicable disease

25
What is the term for a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompanies a particular disease?
Syndrome
26
What is the term for an infection that is widespread throughout the body and must be assumed to be in all organs?
Systemic infection
27
What is the term for the presence of viruses in the blood?
Viremia
28
What is the term for the presence of bacteria in the blood?
Bacteriemia
29
What is the term for a subclinical infection that does not cause any noticeable illness?
Inapparent infection
30
What is the term for transmission of a disease by a medium such as water, food, air, or fungal spores?
Vehicle transmission
31
What is the term for an infection that affects only one body part or organ?
Local infection
32
What is the term for changes in body function that are not apparent to the observer?
Symptoms
33
What is the term for the presence of toxins in the blood?
Toxemia
34
What is the term for an illness that may recur if immunity weakens due to continued presence of the causative agent after the initial disease?
Latent infection
35
What is the term for a disease that rapidly makes a person ill, but only lasts for a short amount of time (usually 3 months or less)?
Acute disease/infection
36
What is the term for changes that a healthcare professional can observe and measure?
Signs
37
What is the term for an infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after a primary infection has weakened the body's defenses?
Secondary infection
38
What is the term for the systemic infection arising from the multiplication of bacteria in the blood?
Septicemia
39
What is the term for the scientific study of disease?
Pathology
40
What is the term for passive transport of pathogens on an insect's feet or body?
Mechanical transmission
41
What is the term for the transmission of a pathogen through an active process such as a bite?
Biological transmission
42
What is the term for an illness that recurs or persists over a long period of time?
Chronic
43
What is the term for an acute infection that causes an initial illness?
Primary infection
44
What is the term for the new cases of a disease?
Incidence
45
What is the term for a disease that cannot be acquired from another person?
Noncommunicable disease
45
What is the term for the total number of cases of a disease?
Prevalence
46
What are the 5 stages of disease?
Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence
47
What stages of disease are infectious?
All of them
48
What is the term for a disease that is a direct result of the actions of a healthcare worker?
Iatrogenic disease
49
What percentage of people acquire a nosocomial infection as a result of a hospital stay?
5-15%
49
What is the term for a disease that is acquired as a result of a hospital stay?
Nosocomial infection
50
What are the 3 interrelated factors that contribute to nosocomial infections?
Compromised host, microorganisms in a hospital, and chain of transmission
51
Name 4 major nosocomial infections
P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, E. coli and S. aureus
52
What are the top 3 sites of nosocomial infections?
UTI, surgical site, and lower respiratory
53
What is the term for diseases that are new or changing and show an increase in incidence in the recent past or potential increase in the near future?
Emerging infectious diseases
54
What is the term for a disease that physicians are required to report ot the US public health service?
Notifiable infectious diseases
55
What is the MMWR?
Morbidity and mortality weekly report- put out by the CDC

Microbiology (2060) (21 decks)

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