Module 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards
What is the term for the cause of a disease?
Etiology
What is the term for how a disease develops?
Pathogenesis
What is the term for microorganisms that can cause disease?
Pathogens
What is the term for things that increase a pathogen’s ability to make you sick and cause disease?
Virulence factors
What is the term for the first step in microbial interaction when the immune system is working to get rid of a pathogen but no cell damage has occured?
Infection
What is the term for the progression of infection where cell damage occurs and the immune system has failed to clear out the pathogen?
Disease
What is the term for a location where something is not normally found?
Ectopic site
What is the term for certain microbes that are present for a short amount of time?
Transient microbiota
What is a newborn’s first contact with microbes?
Vaginobacillus at birth
What percent of our cells are human?
10%
Is the majority of our microbiota aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
What is the term for normal microbiota preventing the growth of harmful microbes?
Microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion
What bacteria is commonly found in the vagina and aids in microbial antagonism?
Lactobacillus acidophilus
What is the term for the relationship between two organisms?
Symbiosis
What are the 3 types of symbiosis?
Commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism
Describe commensalism
One organism benefits and one is unaffected
Describe parasitism
One organism benefits and one is harmed
Describe mutualism
Both organisms benefit
What is the term for live microbial cultures that improve health by promoting beneficial normal flora?
Probiotics
What is the term for a substance that contains things that act as food for probiotics?
Prebiotics
What is a common treatment for C. difficile?
Fecal transplant/fecal bacteriotherapy
What is the method that is sprayed on baby chicks to help prevent salmonella?
Preempt
Name 4 opportunistic pathogens
N. meningitidis, P. jirovecii, E. coli, and S. pneumoniae
What is the term for any disease that spreads from one host to another?
Communicable disease
What is the term for a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompanies a particular disease?
Syndrome
What is the term for an infection that is widespread throughout the body and must be assumed to be in all organs?
Systemic infection
What is the term for the presence of viruses in the blood?
Viremia
What is the term for the presence of bacteria in the blood?
Bacteriemia
What is the term for a subclinical infection that does not cause any noticeable illness?
Inapparent infection
What is the term for transmission of a disease by a medium such as water, food, air, or fungal spores?
Vehicle transmission
What is the term for an infection that affects only one body part or organ?
Local infection
What is the term for changes in body function that are not apparent to the observer?
Symptoms
What is the term for the presence of toxins in the blood?
Toxemia
What is the term for an illness that may recur if immunity weakens due to continued presence of the causative agent after the initial disease?
Latent infection
What is the term for a disease that rapidly makes a person ill, but only lasts for a short amount of time (usually 3 months or less)?
Acute disease/infection
What is the term for changes that a healthcare professional can observe and measure?
Signs
What is the term for an infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after a primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses?
Secondary infection
What is the term for the systemic infection arising from the multiplication of bacteria in the blood?
Septicemia
What is the term for the scientific study of disease?
Pathology
What is the term for passive transport of pathogens on an insect’s feet or body?
Mechanical transmission
What is the term for the transmission of a pathogen through an active process such as a bite?
Biological transmission
What is the term for an illness that recurs or persists over a long period of time?
Chronic
What is the term for an acute infection that causes an initial illness?
Primary infection
What is the term for the new cases of a disease?
Incidence
What is the term for a disease that cannot be acquired from another person?
Noncommunicable disease
What is the term for the total number of cases of a disease?
Prevalence
What are the 5 stages of disease?
Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence
What stages of disease are infectious?
All of them
What is the term for a disease that is a direct result of the actions of a healthcare worker?
Iatrogenic disease
What percentage of people acquire a nosocomial infection as a result of a hospital stay?
5-15%
What is the term for a disease that is acquired as a result of a hospital stay?
Nosocomial infection
What are the 3 interrelated factors that contribute to nosocomial infections?
Compromised host, microorganisms in a hospital, and chain of transmission
Name 4 major nosocomial infections
P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, E. coli and S. aureus
What are the top 3 sites of nosocomial infections?
UTI, surgical site, and lower respiratory
What is the term for diseases that are new or changing and show an increase in incidence in the recent past or potential increase in the near future?
Emerging infectious diseases
What is the term for a disease that physicians are required to report ot the US public health service?
Notifiable infectious diseases
What is the MMWR?
Morbidity and mortality weekly report- put out by the CDC
