Module 11: Care of a Preschool Child and Family Flashcards
What is the age of a preschool child?
3 to 5 years old
What are the physical characteristics of preschoolers (3–5 years old)?
They are slender but sturdy, graceful, agile, and a postural erect stance.
How does the abdomen of preschoolers change as they grow?
The abdomen becomes slimmer and more proportionate, resembling child-like proportions.
Why do preschoolers become slimmer?
Continuous development of muscles and internal organs reduce fat to accommodate growing organs.
What is the average yearly weight gain for preschoolers?
Approximately 2 to 3 kilograms per year
How much does a preschooler’s height increase annually?
Height increases by 2.5 to 3.5 inches per year.
Which grows more in preschoolers: the trunk or the legs?
The legs increase in length more than the trunk.
What is the average weight and height of a 3-year-old?
(A) Weight: 14.5 kg (32 lbs)
(B) Height: 95 cm (37.5 inches)
What is the average weight and height of a 4-year-old?
(A) Weight: 16.7 kg (36.8 lbs)
(B) Height: 103 cm (40.5 inches)
What is the average weight and height of a 5-year-old?
(A) Weight: 18.7 kg (41.5 lbs)
(B) Height: 110 cm (43.5 inches)
What are common vital sign changes in preschoolers?
(A) Pulse rate decreases to 85 bpm
(B) Blood pressure averages 100/60 mmHg
What happens to lymphatic tissues in preschoolers?
Lymphatic tissues, such as tonsils, begin to grow.
What immune system changes occur in preschoolers?
Increased levels of IgG and IgA antibodies.
Why is head circumference no longer checked regularly for preschoolers?
Growth monitoring focuses on weight and height to check for malnutrition.
What gross motor skills are developed by 3-year-olds?
They can walk, run, climb, and jump well.
What gross motor skills are developed by 4-year-olds?
They can skip and hop on one foot and catch a ball.
What gross motor skills are developed by 5-year-olds?
They can skip on alternate feet, jump a rope, and begin to skate and swim.
What additional gross motor skills are common in preschoolers?
(A) Riding a bicycle
(B) Tiptoeing
(C) Balancing on one foot
(D) Broad Jump
What is the “shape stage” in drawing development, and at what age does it occur?
3 years old
What is the “pictorial stage” in drawing development, and at what age does it occur?
4 and 5 years old
Why are scribbling and drawing important for preschoolers?
(A) Facilitates learning to read
(B) Helps learn symbolic language
(C) Develops fine motor and eye-hand coordination
(D) Assists in assessing intelligence
What is the psychosocial stage of development for preschoolers, according to Erikson?
Initiative vs. Guilt
What characterizes the “sense of initiative” in preschoolers?
Energetic learning and a desire to explore and master tasks.
What conflicts arise in the “Initiative vs. Guilt” stage?
When there are overstepping limits or bad behaviors that lead to guilt
What marks the development of the superego in preschoolers?
Preschoolers begin forming a conscience, understanding right from wrong.
Why is it important for preschoolers to develop leadership skills during the “Initiative vs. Guilt” stage?
To avoid guilt and fear of trying new things because of failure.
What is the consequence of failure in the “Initiative vs. Guilt” stage?
It may lead to feelings of guilt and fear of attempting new activities.
What is the psychosexual stage of preschoolers, according to Freud?
Phallic Stage
The phallic stage during pre-schooling age focuses on what?
Differentiation of sexual identity and appropriate behavior.
Under this complex, boys are attached to their mothers.
Oedipus complex
Under this complex, girls are fond of their fathers.
Electra complex
What cognitive phase are preschoolers in, according to Piaget?
The Pre-operational Phase (2–7 years)
(A) Preconceptual phase (2–4 years)
(B) Intuitive thought phase (4–7 years)
This continues to develop but is often used for egocentric communication without full comprehension.
LANGUAGE
What is “magical thinking” in preschoolers?
Preschoolers believe they can influence events through their thoughts, seeing themselves as more powerful than they are.
What characterizes egocentric communication in preschoolers?
Speech is focused on their own perspective without understanding others’ viewpoints.
What is the moral stage of preschoolers, according to Kohlberg?
Preschoolers develop basic moral judgment, behaving according to freedom and restrictions.
How do 2–4-year-olds determine right and wrong in Kohlberg’s theory?
Their behavior is based on punishment and obedience.
How do preschoolers learn about faith and religion?
They learn from significant others in their environment.
How is conscience linked to spiritual development in preschoolers?
Their developing conscience helps them understand right and wrong, influencing their spirituality.
How do preschoolers begin to understand body image?
Preschoolers recognize what is desirable or undesirable, such as being “pretty” or “ugly,” influenced by caregivers.
How can caregivers promote positive body image in preschoolers?
(A) Instilling postive principles
(B) Reassuring children, such as using bandages after an injury to address fears of mutilation.
Under this, preschoolers imitate behaviors associated with their gender, developing sex-typing based on observed roles.
Sex role imitation
Why do preschoolers fear mutilation?
They have a heightened sense of bodily integrity and may fear harm or injury to their bodies.
Under this, the child is able to say three to four-word sentences; frequent questions,
3 to 4 years old
Under this, the child is able to say four to five-word sentences; improved grammar and sentence structure.
4 to 5 years old
How does language develop at 5 years?
Vocabulary grows to about 2100 words.
What is a key characteristic of a 6-year-old’s speech?
They can use all parts of speech correctly but are not aware of deviations from grammar rules.
These preschoolers may acquire more complex sentence structures and show increased grammatical usage and intelligence.
Bilingual preschoolers
How do ritualism and negativism change in preschoolers?
Ritualism and negativism gradually diminish as preschoolers become more independent.
How independent are preschoolers in daily activities?
Preschoolers can perform tasks like dressing, eating, and toileting independently, though they may need minimal assistance.
How do 3–4-year-olds respond to boundaries and warnings?
They may obey warnings but often exceed boundaries due to curiosity and testing limits.
How do preschoolers interact socially?
Preschoolers are more sociable and willing to please others.
What type of play is common in preschoolers?
Associative play or cooperative play, where children interact and share but do not follow organized rules
What benefits does play provide for preschoolers?
Play supports social, physical, and mental development.
What types of toys are ideal for preschoolers?
Toys that encourage
(A) Imagination
(B) Imitation
(C) Dramatization
It reflects their developing imagination and storytelling abilities, though it may be mistaken for lying.
Telling tall Tales
This help preschoolers navigate emotions, practice social skills, and enhance creativity.
Imaginary friends
What is the focus of nutrition in preschoolers?
Developing healthy eating habits and food choices to prevent obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
What challenges may arise during mealtime with preschoolers?
Preschoolers are often finicky eaters, leading to mealtime battles.
How much sleep do preschoolers need?
Preschoolers need 10–13 hours of sleep and typically one nap during the day.
What practices promote healthy sleeping patterns in preschoolers?
Establishing routine bedtime and nap times to address sleeping patterns and reduce night waking.
These help improve gross motor abilities and coordination, supporting overall development.
Physical activities
When do deciduous teeth fully erupt in preschoolers?
By age 3, preschoolers have all 20 deciduous teeth.
How can caregivers support good dental habits in preschoolers?
By assisting with brushing and flossing and encouraging regular dental care.
How can caregivers help prevent injuries in preschoolers?
(A) Educating children about safety and potential hazards.
(B) Modeling safe behavior, as preschoolers are great imitators.
What assessment tools are commonly used for preschoolers?
(A) MMDST
(B) Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns
