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MATERNAL AND CHILD NURSING > Module 02: Care of Mother and Fetus During Antenatal Period (Lecture) > Flashcards

Module 02: Care of Mother and Fetus During Antenatal Period (Lecture) Flashcards

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1
Q

This is delineated to occur in non-reproductive cells and is known to generate exact copies of their parent cells.

A

Mitosis

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are entailed from an individual to generate an offspring?

A

23 chromosomes each

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2
Q

This is delineated to occur among specific reproductive cells or also known as gametes, hence they generate sperm and egg cells that are half of the genetic materials of their parent cells.

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

What makes mitosis different from meiosis?

A

(1) Four stages in total (plus the interphase)
(2) Happens in somatic cells
(3) Purpose is cellular proliferation
(4) Produces two diploid daughter cells
(5) Chromosome number remains the same the genetic variation doesn’t change

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3
Q

What makes meiosis different from mitosis?

A

(1) Eight stages in total (plus the interphase)
(2) Happens in germ cells
(3) Purpose is sexual reproduction
(4) Produces four diploid daughter cells
(5) Chromosome number is halved in each daughter cell and genetic variation is increased

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4
Q

What makes meiosis and mitosis the same?

A

They produce new cells and have similar basic steps. They both start with a single parent cell.

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5
Q

What is the chromosome of a female and male child respectively?

A

(A) Female child: XX
(B) Male child: XY

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6
Q

What constitutes the male reproductive system?

A

(1) Epididymis
(2) Vas Deferens
(3) Seminal Vesicles
(4) Ejaculatory Ducts
(5) Prostate Glands
(6) Bulbourethral glands
(7) Urethra
(8) Penis

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7
Q

What makes the male and female reproductive system comparable?

A

Although they differ greatly in both appearance and function, they are homologues, that is, they arise from the same or matched embryonic origin.

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8
Q

This is known as the study of male reproductive organs. This is constituted of the male reproductive system’s external and internal divisions.

A

Andrology

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9
Q

What constitutes that male external structures?

A

This includes the testes (which are encased in the scrotal sac) and the penis.

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10
Q

This is a rugated, skin-covered, muscular pouch suspended from the perineum. It functions are to support the testes and help regulate the temperature of the sperm.

A

Scrotum

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11
Q

What happens to the scrotal muscle when the weather is cold or hot?

A

(A) In cold weather, the scrotal muscle contracts and brings the testes closer to the body.
(B) In very hot weather, the scrotal muscle relaxes allowing the testes to fall away from the body.

Because of the scrotum’s function, the temperature of the testes can remain as even as possible to promote the production and viability of the sperm.

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12
Q

These are known as the two ovoid glands that are 2 to 3 cm wide, that rest in the scrotum. This is often characterized as the male reproductive organ.

A

Testes

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13
Q

The testes is encased by what?

A

A white fibrous capsule that is composed of a number of nodules, and each nodule is composed of Leydig cells or interstitial cells that produce testosterone and a seminiferous tubule that produces spermatozoa.

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14
Q

What do Leydig cells or interstitial cells within the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

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15
Q

What do seminiferous tubules produce within the testes?

A

Spermatozoa

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16
Q

When does the testes descend among male fetuses?

A

Testes in a fetus form in the pelvic cavity and then descend late in intrauterine life (about 34th to 38th week of pregnancy) into the scrotal sac. Because this descend occurs late in pregnancy, many male infants born preterm will have undescended testes.

(descent does not occur in the extrauterine life)

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17
Q

This condition is characterized when the testes remains in the pelvic cavity and because of this, it may not produce viable sperm and have a four to seven increase rate of testicular cancer.

A

Cryptorchidism

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18
Q

How do spermatozoa mature?

A

(A) The hypothalamus releases GnRH, which in turn influences the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH.
(B) Androgen binding protein and testosterone then combine to form sperm formation.
(C) when the production of testosterone reaches peak amount, a feedback effect on the hypothalamus and APG is created, which slows down the production of FSH and LH, which then decreases and regulates sperm production.

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19
Q

This hormone in the male reproductive system is responsible for the release of testosterone from the testes.

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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20
Q

This hormone in the male reproductive system is responsible for the release of androgen binding protein (ABP).

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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21
Q

Characterize the testes.

A

One testis is slightly larger than the other and is suspended slightly lower than the scrotum than the other (usually the left one). Because of this, testes tend to slide past each other more readily on sitting or muscular activity, and there is less possibility of trauma to them.

It normally feels firm, smooth and are egg shaped.

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22
Q

True or false. Spermatozoa can survive at a temperature as high as that of the internal body?

A

No, the temperature of the testes outside the body which is 1F lower than the internal body temperature, provides protection for sperm survival.

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23
Q

This is composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue in the penis shaft. The urethra passes through these layers of tissue, allowing this male reproductive organ to serve as both the outlet for the urinary and reproductive tracts in men.

A

Penis

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24
Q

This is released with sexual excitement, from the endothelium of blood vessels.

A

Nitric Oxide (This causes dilation and increase in blood flow to the arteries of the penis (engorgement).

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25
Q

This is characterized as the muscle at the base of penis, which under stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, then contracts, thus trapping both venous and arterial blood in the three sections of erectile tissue.

A

ischiocavernosus

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26
Q

Characterize the mobility of sperm.

A

Sperm are immobile and incapable of fertilization as they pass through or are stored at the epididymis level. It takes at least 12 to 20 days for them to travel the length of the tube and a total of 65 to 75 days for them to reach full maturity.

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27
Q

The contraction of the ischiocavernosus muscle would lead to?

A

Distention and erection of the penis

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28
Q

This male reproductive part is characterized to be located at the distal end of the penis and is known as a bulging, sensitive ridge of tissue.

A

Glans

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29
Q

This male reproductive part is characterized as a retractable casing of skin that protects the nerve-sensitive glans at birth.

A

Prepuce

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30
Q

What are the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) on circumcision?

A

The AAP advises that circumcision decisions should be made in consultation with parents with consideration of their cultural or religious beliefs. Its advantages allow for lower rates of urinary tract infections, HIV, STIs, and penile cancer. Its disadvantages include surgical complications, such as bleeding and pain, and reduction of sensation with sexual stimulation.

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31
Q

What are the different male internal structures?

A

(1) Epididymis
(2) Vas deferens
(3) Seminal vesicles
(4) Ejaculatory tracts
(5) Prostate glands
(6) Urethra
(7) Bulbourethral glands

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32
Q

The seminiferous tubule of each testis leads to a tightly coiled tube, which is responsible for conducting sperm from the tubule to the vas deferens, the next step on the passage to the outside.

A

Epididymis

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33
Q

How long is the epididymis?

A

20ft long

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34
Q

What is stored in the epididymis?

A

Some sperm are stored here, and a part of the alkaline fluid (semen or seminal fluid that contains basic sugar and protein)

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35
Q

These are known to be immobile and incapable of fertilization as they pass through or are stored at the epididymis level.

A

Sperm

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36
Q

How long does sperm travel to reach full maturity?

A

It takes at least 12 to 20 days for them to travel the length of the total tube and a total of 65 to 75 days for them to reach full maturity.

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37
Q

This condition is known as the absence of sperm.

A

Aspermia

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38
Q

This condition is characterized as the number of sperm fewer than 20 million per milliliter) do not appear to respond immediately to therapy but do respond after two months of treatment.

A

Oligospermia

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39
Q

This internal male organ is known as an additional hollow tube that is surrounded by arteries and veins and protected by a thick fibrous coating.

A

Vas Deferens (altogether these structures are referred to as the spermatic cord)

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40
Q

This internal organ carries the sperm from the epididymis through the inguinal canal through the abdominal cavity, where it ends at the seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts below the bladder.

A

Spermatic cord

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41
Q

Describe the status of the sperm at the vas deferens.

A

Sperm complete maturation as they pass through the vas deferens. They are still not mobile at this point, however, probably because of the fairly acidic medium of semen

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42
Q

These are two convoluted pouches that lie along the lower portion of the bladder and empty into the urethra by ejaculatory ducts. These glands secrete a viscous alkaline liquid with a high sugar, protein, and prostaglandin content.

A

Seminal Vesicles

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43
Q

Describe the state of the sperm at the seminal vesicles.

A

Sperm become increasingly motile because this added fluid surrounds them with a more favorable pH environment.

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44
Q

This male internal organ is a chestnut size gland that lies below the bladder and allows the urethra to pass through the center of it. This secretes a thin, alkaline fluid, which, when added to the secretion from the seminal vesicles, further protects sperm by increasing the naturally low pH level of the urethra.

A

Prostate Gland

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45
Q

These glands lie beside the prostate gland and empty by short ducts into the urethra. They supply one more source of alkaline fluid to help ensure the safe passage of spermatozoa.

A

Bulbourethral Glands

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46
Q

Explain where semen is derived based on percentages.

A

(1) Prostate gland (60%),
(2) The seminal vesicles (30%),
(3) The epididymis (5%), and
(4) The bulbourethral glands (5%).

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47
Q

This is a hollow tube leading from the base of the bladder, which, after through the prostate gland, continues to the outside through the shaft and glans of the penis.

A

Urethra (lined with mucus membranes)

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48
Q

How long is the urethra?

A

8 in. (18 to 20 cm) long

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49
Q

Identify the male reproductive organ being described.
(A) Storage site of immature sperm cells
(B) Absorbs about 90% of the fluid secreted by the testis

A

Epididymis

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50
Q

Identify the male reproductive organ being described.
(A) Propels live sperm from their storage sites into the urethra
(B) Where vasectomy is performed

A

Vas or Ductus Deferens

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51
Q

Identify the male reproductive organ being described.
(A) Sac-like glands that lie on the base of the bladder and release a fluid that forms part of the semen (60% of seminal fluid)

A

Seminal vesicles

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52
Q

Identify the male reproductive organ being described
(A) Donut-shaped gland that produces fluid that nourishes and helps in the transport of the sperm

A

Prostate glands

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53
Q

Identify the male reproductive organ being described.
(A) Tiny pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate gland that produces clear, thick mucus that drains into the penile urethra
(B) First fluid- to cleanse the urethra

A

Bulbourethral glands (cowper glands)

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54
Q

Identify the male reproductive organ being described.
(A) Passageway for both urine and male reproductive fluids

A

Urethra

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55
Q

Identify the male reproductive organ being described.
(A) Terminal end of male reproductive system

A

Penis

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56
Q

How many days is sperm stored in the epididymis and are then absorbed if not ejaculated prior to that time?

A

40-60 days

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57
Q

What are the three (3) regions of the urethra?

A

(1) Prostatic urethra
(2) Membranous urethra
(3) Spongy (penile) urethra

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58
Q

What are the two (3) tissues in the penis?

A

(1) Corpus cavernosum
(2) Corpus spongiosum

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59
Q

Under the spermatozoon, these enzymes are utilized to dissolve a path to penetrate the egg (hyaluronidase).

A

Acrosome

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60
Q

Under the spermatozoon, these are known to contain the genes and produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for sperm motility.

A

Nucleus and Mitochondria

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61
Q

This is the fluid expelled during orgasm and is also characterized as a mixture of secretion from epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral gland.

A

Seminal fluid

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62
Q

What are the major constituents of the seminal fluid?

A

(1) Semen
(2) Fructose
(3) Clotting and anticoagulant factors
(4) Prostaglandins
(5) Spermine

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63
Q

This major constituent of the seminal fluid is characterized as the source of energy (from the seminal vesicles), prevents sperm to become sluggish in acidic environments/neutralizes acidic environment.

A

Fructose

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64
Q

This major constituent of the seminal fluid is known to keep the sperm cell for a longer period of time in the vagina.

A

Clotting and anticoagulant factors

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65
Q

This major constituent of the seminal fluid stimulates peristaltic movement or muscle contractions of the reproductive tract.

A

Prostaglandins

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66
Q

This major constituent of the seminal fluid is characterized to help reducing the acidity of female vagina with fructose.

A

Spermine

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67
Q

This is known as the study of the female reproductive organs.

A

Gynecology

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68
Q

The structures that form the female external genitalia are termed the_______________ (from the Latin word for “covering”).

A

Vulva

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69
Q

What are the female external structures?

A

(A) Mons Veneris
(B) Labia Minora
(C) Labia Majora
(D) Vestibule
(E) Skene Glands
(F) Bartholin Glands
(G) Fourchette
(H) Perineal Muscle
(I) Hymen

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70
Q

This external female organ is characterized as a pad of adipose tissue located over the symphysis pubis, the pubic bone joint. Covered by a triangle of coarse, curly hairs.

A

Mons Veneris

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71
Q

What is the purpose of the mons veneris?

A

To protect the junction of the pubic bone from trauma

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72
Q

What are the hairless folds of connective tissue that spread immediately posterior to the mons veneris?

A

Labia Minora (Normally, the folds of the labia minora are pink in color; the internal surface is covered with mucous membrane, and the external surface is covered with skin. )

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73
Q

How do the labia minora change from before menarche to after menopause?

A

Before menarche, these folds are fairly thin; by childbearing age, they have become firm and full; and after menopause, they atrophy and again become much smaller.

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74
Q

What kind of glands are abundant in the labia minora?

A

Sebaceous glands (cysts make occur here)

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75
Q

What can women detect by performing monthly vulvar examinations?

A

Infections, abnormalities, sebaceous cysts, or herpes lesions

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75
Q

What are the two folds of tissue that are lateral to the labia minora and provide protection for the external genitalia?

A

Labia Majora

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76
Q

What is the primary function of the labia majora?

A

The labia majora serve as protection for the external genitalia; they shield the outlets to the urethra and vagina.

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77
Q

The labia majora is composed of what?

A

Loose connective tissue covered by epithelium and pubic hair.

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78
Q

Why is the labia majora susceptible to extensive edema formation?

A

Due to the looseness of the connective tissue base, especially from trauma during childbirth or rape.

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79
Q

What is the smooth, flattened surface inside the labia called?

A

Vestibule

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80
Q

Which openings arise from the vestibule?

A

Openings to the bladder (urethra) and the uterus (vagina)

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81
Q

What is the small, rounded organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora?

A

Clitoris (approximately 1 to 2 cm)

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82
Q

What covers the clitoris?

A

The prepuce, which is sensitive to touch and temperature

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83
Q

What is the primary function of the clitoris?

A

This is the center of sexual arousal and orgasm in a woman. Arterial blood supply for the clitoris is plentiful. When the ischiocavernosus muscle surrounding it contracts with sexual arousal, the venous outflow for the clitoris is blocked and this leads to clitoral erection.

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84
Q

Where are the Skene glands located?

A

Two Skene glands (paraurethral glands) are located on each side of the urinary meatus; their ducts open into the urethra.

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85
Q

What is the function of the Skene glands?

A

To help lubricate the external genitalia during coitus.

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86
Q

Where are the Bartholin glands located?

A

On each side of the vaginal opening near the labia minora and hymen.

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87
Q

What is the role of Bartholin glands?

A

To secrete fluids that lubricate the external genitalia during coitus and improve sperm survival.

(If the Skene glands or the Bartholin glands (the most common site) become infected, they swell, feel tender, and produce a serous discharge)

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88
Q

This is known as the ridge of tissue formed by the posterior joining of the labia minora and labia majora.

A

fourchette

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89
Q

This external female organ is utilized to stretch during childbirth, allowing the vaginal enlargement for the passage of the fetal head.

A

Perineal muscle (perineal body)

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90
Q

What may happen to the fourchette during childbirth?

A

It may tear (laceration) or be cut (episiotomy) to enlarge the vaginal opening.

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91
Q

What exercises are suggested for pregnancy to make the perineal muscle as flexible as it can be to allow for optimal expansion during birth and to prevent tearing of this tissue?

A

Kegel exercises, squatting, and tailor sitting

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92
Q

This external female organ is characterized as a tough but elastic semicircle of tissue covering the vaginal opening during childhood.

A

Hymen (Occasionally, a girl has an imperforate hymen, or a hymen so complete that it does not allow for the passage of menstrual blood from the vagina (hematocolpometra)

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93
Q

Which arteries mainly supply blood to the female external genitalia?

A

Pudendal artery and the inferior rectus artery (venous return occurs to the pudenal vein)

94
Q

What is a disadvantage of the rich blood supply to the vulva?

A

Trauma can cause large hematomas

95
Q

What is an advantage of the rich blood supply to the vulva?

A

It contributes to rapid healing of tears after childbirth or injury.

96
Q

Which nerves supply the anterior portion of the vulva?

A

Ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves (L1 level).

97
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior portions of the vulva and vagina

A

Pudendal nerve (S3 level).

98
Q

What effect does the rich nerve supply of the vulva have?

A

It makes the area extremely sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

99
Q

What happens to the sensation of the vulva during childbirth?

A

Normal stretching of the perineum causes a temporary loss of sensation, limiting the amount of local pain felt during childbirth.

100
Q

What are the different female internal organs?

A

(A) Ovaries
(B) Fallopian Tubes
(C) Uterus
(D) Vagina
(E) Breasts (Mammary glands)

101
Q

What is the size and shape of the ovaries?

A

Approximately 3 cm long, 2 cm in diameter, and 1.5 cm thick; the size and shape of almonds.

102
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

Close to and on both sides of the uterus in the lower abdomen.

103
Q

What are the primary functions of the ovaries?

A

(A) To produce mature and discharge ova
(B) Produce estrogen and progesterone
(C) Regulate the menstrual cycle

104
Q

What happens if the ovaries are removed before puberty?

A

Absence of estrogen prevents maturation and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and pubic hair distribution assumes a more male pattern.

105
Q

How are the ovaries held in position?

A

By three strong ligaments that attach to the uterus and pelvic wall

106
Q

Why are ovaries prone to silent tumor growth?

A

Because they are suspended in position and can enlarge significantly before causing symptoms of compression.

107
Q

How many immature ova are present in each ovary at birth?

A

Approximately 2 million

108
Q

What is the difference in chromosome numbers between reproductive cells and other body cells?

A

Reproductive cells have 23 chromosomes (half the usual number) while other body cells have 46.

109
Q

At what stage do oocytes begin meiosis?

A

Just before ovulation.

110
Q

What determines the sex of a new individual formed from the union of an ovum and spermatozoon?

A

If the sperm carries an X chromosome, the individual will be female (XX); if it carries a Y chromosome, the individual will be male (XY).

111
Q

How many ova form in utero and how many are present at birth?

A

Between 5 and 7 million ova form in utero; about 2 million are present at birth.

112
Q

How many oocytes remain by age 22 and at menopause?

A

About 300,000 by age 22; none are left at menopause.

113
Q

These tubes are known to arise from each upper corner of the uterine body and extend outward and backward until each opens at its distal end, next to an ovary. They are approximately 10 cm long in a mature woman.

A

Fallopian tubes

114
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

To convey the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus and provide a site for fertilization.

115
Q

What are the four parts of the fallopian tubes?

A

(A) Interstitial portion
(B) Isthmus
(C) Ampulla
(D) Infundibular portion

116
Q

This part of the fallopian tube lies within the uterine wall. This portion is only about 1 cm in length; its lumen is only 1 mm in diameter.

A

Proximal (Interstital portion)

117
Q

This is the distal portion. This is about 2 cm in length and, like the interstitial tube, remains extremely narrow. This is the portion of the tube that is cut or sealed in a tubal ligation, or tubal sterilization procedure.

A

Isthmus

118
Q

This is the third and also the longest portion of the tube. It is about 5 cm in length and is the portion of the tube where fertilization of an ovum usually occurs.

A

Ampulla

119
Q

This is the most distal segment of the tube. It is about 2 cm long, funnel shaped, and covered by fimbria (small hairs) that help to guide the ovum into the fallopian tube.

A

Infundibular portion

120
Q

Why must clean technique be used during pelvic exams?

A

To prevent infection from spreading through the open pathway of the fallopian tubes to the peritoneum.

121
Q

This a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located in the lower pelvis, posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. During childhood, it is about the size of an olive; the cervix is the largest portion and the uterine body is the smallest part.

A

Uterus

122
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

To receive the ovum, provide a place for implantation and nourishment, protect a growing fetus, and expel it at maturity.

123
Q

What are the three (3) layers of the uterus?

A

(A) Endometrium
(B) Myometrium
(C) Perimentrium

124
Q

This layer of the uterus is characterized as the inner layer of mucous membrane. It supports pregnancy by thickening each month under hormone influence; if pregnancy does not occur, it is shed as menstrual flow.

A

Endometrium

125
Q

This layer of the uterus is characterized as a middle layer of muscle fibers. It is often used to provide strength for uterine contractions, prevent regurgitation of menstrual blood, hold the cervix closed during pregnancy, and constrict blood vessels after childbirth.

A

Myometrium

126
Q

This layer of the uterine wall is often characterized as an outer layer of connective tissue.

A

Perimetrium

127
Q

What are the three (3) divisions of the uterus?

A

(A) Body or corpus
(B) Isthmus
(C) Cervix

128
Q

This division of the uterus is the uppermost part and forms the bulk of the organ. The lining of the cavity is continuous with the fallopian tubes, which enter at its upper aspects (the cornua). The portion of the uterus between the points of attachment of the fallopian tubes is termed the fundus.

A

Body or corpus

129
Q

This is the portion that can be palpated abdominally to determine the amount of uterine growth during pregnancy, to measure the force of uterine contractions during labor.

A

Fundus

130
Q

This division of the uterus is a short segment between the body and the cervix. During pregnancy, this portion also enlarges greatly to aid in accommodating the growing fetus. It is the portion where the incision most commonly is made when a fetus is born by a cesarean
birth.

A

Isthmus

131
Q

This is the lowest division of the uterus. It represents about one third of the total uterine size and is approximately 2 to 5 cm long. About half of it lies above the vagina and half extends into the vagina.

A

Cervix

132
Q

What are the arteries that supply blood to the uterus?

A

The uterine arteries, which are formed from the hypogastric arteries, a division of the iliac arteries, along with the ovarian artery.

133
Q

What type of nerves supply the uterus?

A

Both efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) nerves supply the uterus.

134
Q

From which spinal ganglia do the efferent nerves of the uterus arise?

A

The efferent nerves arise from the T5 through T10 spinal ganglia.

135
Q

At which spinal levels do the afferent nerves from the uterus enter the spinal column?

A

The afferent nerves enter the spinal column at the T11 and T12 levels.

136
Q

Why is it important to know that sensory innervation from the uterus registers lower in the spinal column than motor control?

A

It allows for pain relief during labor without stopping uterine contractions.

137
Q

How does an anesthetic solution help manage pain during labor?

A

It can be injected at the T11 and T12 levels to stop the pain of uterine contractions without affecting motor control.

138
Q

Which spinal levels are targeted for pain relief without affecting uterine contractions?

A

T11 and T12 levels.

139
Q

How is the uterus supported within the pelvic cavity?

A

By ligaments, fascia, and muscle.

140
Q

What happens if the ligaments supporting the uterus become overstretched during pregnancy?

A

They may not support the bladder well, leading to a cystocele or urinary infections.

141
Q

This condition is characterized when the bladder herniates into the anterior wall of the vagina, potentially leading to frequent urinary infections.

A

Cystocele

142
Q

This condition occurs when the rectum pouches into the vaginal wall, potentially causing constipation.

A

rectocele

143
Q

What is the role of the posterior ligament in the uterus?

A

It forms the Douglas cul-de-sac, a pouch where fluid can collect, which is useful for diagnostic purposes.

144
Q

How can the Douglas cul-de-sac be examined for fluid or blood?

A

By inserting a culdoscope through the posterior vaginal wall or a laparoscope through the abdominal wall.

145
Q

What are the broad ligaments, and what is their function?

A

The broad ligaments are two folds of peritoneum that help steady the uterus.

146
Q

What are round ligaments, and how do they contribute to uterine stability?

A

The round ligaments are fibrous, muscular cords that act as additional “stays” to further steady the uterus.

147
Q

What might cause sharp pain in a pregnant woman’s lower abdomen related to the round ligaments?

A

Pulling one of these ligaments, often from moving quickly, can cause a sharp pain.

148
Q

What are some common uterine deviations in terms of shape and position?

A

(A) Anteversion
(B) Retroversion
(C) Anteflexion
(D) Retroflexion

149
Q

What causes a uterus to have two compartments or horns?

A

A remnant of the septum that did not dissolve during fetal development.

150
Q

How might uterine malformations affect fertility or pregnancy?

A

They can decrease the ability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term.

151
Q

Describe the uterine position: anteversion.

A

The entire uterus tips far forward.

152
Q

Describe the uterine position: retroversion.

A

The entire uterus tips far back.

153
Q

Describe the uterine position: anteflexion.

A

The body of the uterus is bent sharply forward at the junction with the cervix.

154
Q

Describe the uterine position: retroflexion.

A

The body of the uterus is bent sharply back just above the cervix.

155
Q

How can extreme uterine flexion or version affect fertility?

A

It can block the deposition or migration of sperm.

156
Q

Where is the vagina located in relation to the bladder and rectum?

A

The vagina is located posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum.

157
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

It acts as the organ of intercourse and conveys sperm to the cervix; it also serves as the birth canal.

158
Q

Why is the vagina considered an internal reproductive organ?

A

Even though it opens to the outside, it is enclosed within the body.

159
Q

How does the length of the vaginal walls differ when a woman lies on her back?

A

The anterior wall is about 6-7 cm long, while the posterior wall is about 8-9 cm long.

160
Q

What are the vaginal fornices, and what is their function?

A

The fornices are recesses around the cervix that allow pooling of semen, aiding in sperm migration.

161
Q

Why can an examiner palpate internal organs through the vaginal fornices?

A

Because the vaginal wall is thin at these points, allowing palpation of the bladder, ovaries, and rectum.

162
Q

They make the vagina elastic and able to expand during childbirth.

A

Rugae

163
Q

It acts as a voluntary sphincter at the external opening of the vagina.

A

Bulbocavernosus muscle

164
Q

How does the vaginal pH help prevent infections?

A

The acidic pH, produced by lactic acid from glycogen breakdown, is detrimental to pathogenic bacteria.

165
Q

Why should women avoid using vaginal douches or sprays daily?

A

These can clear away the natural acidic medium, inviting infection.

166
Q

This female reproductive organ is responsible for receiving the egg cell.

A

Fallopian tubes or uterine tubes

167
Q

This part of the fallopian tubes lies or connects into the wall of the uterus.

A

Interstitial

168
Q

This part of the tube that can be cut in tubal ligation.

A

Isthmus

169
Q

Identify the female reproductive organ.

(A) This is the primary sex organ of females. It is almond-shaped and produces and develops (2 million) egg cells and hormones.
(B) It is connected to the uterine tubes Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

A

Ovaries (Causes infertility among women as well as hormonal imbalance)

170
Q

Identify the female reproductive organ.

(A) This is suspended in the pelvic cavity, located between the bladder and the rectum.
(B) This is where the fetus grows and is nourished
and is also characterized as the lining shed to clean the uterus for non-pregnant women.

A

Uterus

171
Q

This section of the uterus is the part being palpated to check the uterine size, fetal size, fetal presentation, and uterine contractions (intrapartum).

A

Fundus (To check if contracting or not, if soft mother is at risk for bleeding, if firm, uterus is returning to its pre-pregnant state)

172
Q

This section of the uterus is the part that expands to accommodate the growing fetus.

A

Body

173
Q

This section of the uterus is the part between the junction of the cervix and the site of cesarean delivery.

A

Isthmus

174
Q

This section is known as the lowest part of the uterus.

A

Cervix

175
Q

This part of the cervix is located at the junction between the isthmus and the cervical canal.

A

Internal Cervical OS (Opening)

176
Q

This part of the cervix is known as the connection between the cervix and the vagina; level of ischial spines (pelvis)

A

External Cervical OS

177
Q

This tissue layer is characterized as the innermost and functional layer; this responds to the hormones being released in the ovary. This thickens during menstruation to prepare for pregnancy, but if there is NO fertilization.

A

Endometrium ( this layer sheds and becomes menses)

178
Q

This tissue layer of the uterus is characterized as the muscular layer, composed of muscular cells resulting into contractions of the uterus; allows shedding to occur.

A

Myometrium

179
Q

This tissue layer of the uterus is characterized as the outside layer, provides covering and strength to the uterus.

A

Perimetrium

180
Q

This positional deviations pertains to the uterus being slightly tipped forward.

A

Anteversion

181
Q

This position deviations pertains to the uterus being slightly tipped backward.

A

Retroversion

182
Q

This position deviations pertains to the body of the uterus is sharply bent forward towards the cervix (abnormal).

A

Anteflexion

183
Q

This position deviations pertains to the uterus being excessively flexed backward.

A

Retroflexion

184
Q

This female reproductive organ extends from the cervix to the vestibule. This carries menstrual flow outside the body. This is where the penis is inserted during the intercourse.

A

Vagina

185
Q

These are located at the vestibule; releases fluid for lubrication, alkaline in nature to reduce acidity of vaginal environment.

A

Accessory glands (Bartholin’s and Skene’s glands)

185
Q

The vaginal canal is composed of what?

A

Composed of smooth muscles which is stimulated by the prostaglandins from the seminal fluid

185
Q

This external genitalia is characterized to have sebaceous filaments.

A

Mons Pubis

186
Q

This external genitalia is characterized to be the inner fold.

A

Labia Minora

187
Q

This external genitalia is characterized is characterized to be a rounded organ that is the erectile tissue of females; located at the junction of the labia minora; joins two labias anteriorly.

A

Clitoris

188
Q

This external genitalia is characterized to have loose connective tissues; gives protection to the internal reproductive organs.

A

Labia Majora

189
Q

This external genitalia is characterized to join the wo labias posteriorly; undergoes laceration during delivery.

A

Fourchette

190
Q

This is known as the cutting the perineum to aid in the delivery of the baby (midline-smaller incisions and faster healing; or mediolateral bigger incisions and slower healing); it is done with contractions

A

Epiostomy (Done to prevent tearing during childbirth)

191
Q

This is known as the fixing or stitching the incision and repair.

A

Episiorrhaphy

192
Q

This external genitalia is known as the region between the anus and the vagina. This is the skin and muscle that are geared during child birth.

A

Perineum

193
Q

This is known as the cyclic changes in sexually mature, non-pregnant females that begin with menses or bleeding.

A

Menstrual cycle

194
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle

A

(1) About 28 days long
(2) Short as 18 days in some women and as long as 40 days in others

(Brings the ovum to maturity and renew a uterine tissue bed that will be necessary for the ova’s growth if it is fertilized)

195
Q

This is known as a period of mild hemorrhage that occurs approximately once each month. Under this, the functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed and expelled from the uterus.

A

Menses

196
Q

This is characterized as the discharge of the blood and other elements of the endometrium.

A

Menstruation

197
Q

This is known as the hormone of the woman and is known to be the cause of the development of secondary sex characteristics in female.

A

Estrogen

198
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics in female?

A

(A) Breast growth
(B) Fat deposition in the vulva
(C) Public and axillary hair growth
(D) Bony pelvis growth and broadening
(E) Vaginal epithelial changes
(F) General growth

199
Q

What is the role of estrogen?

A

(A) Inhibits production of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
(B) Responsible for hypertrophy of myometrium
(C) Produce cyclic changes in the uterine endothelium and vaginal epithelium
(D) Responsible for the increased osteoblastic activity of long bones causing an increase in height
(E) Responsible for Spinnbarkeit and ferning (Cervical mucus or Billing’s method)
(F) Responsible for the development of ductile structure of the breast
(G) Responsible for early closure of epiphysis of long bones
(H) Responsible for increased vaginal lubrication
(I) Responsible for sodium retention therefore causing weight gain

200
Q

This is known as the clear, slippery texture of an uncooked egg white, typical of cervical mucus during ovulation.

A

Spinnbarkeit

201
Q

This is known as the test for the presence of estrogen in the cervical mucus; estrogen causes cervical mucus to dry on a slide in a fern-like pattern.

A

Ferning

202
Q

This is characterized as the method of estimating ovulation time by changes in the mucus of the cervix that occurs during the menstrual cycle.

A

Billing Method

203
Q

This hormone is known as the hormone of the mother during pregnancy. This promotes the development of the placenta and mammary glands. This is also responsible for basal temperature and mood swings of the woman.

A

Progesterone

204
Q

What is the primary function of the progesterone?

A

This prepares the endometrium for implantation of fertilized ovum.

205
Q

What are the secondary functions of the progesterone?

A

(A) Inhibits uterine contractility
(B) Inhibits production of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
(C) Decreased GIT motility leading to constipation

206
Q

This structure affecting the menstruation is known to release GnRH (Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone).

A

Hypothalamus

207
Q

This hormone released by the pituitary gland is responsible for the maturation of the ovum.

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

208
Q

This hormone released by the pituitary gland is responsible for ovulation and growth of the uterine lining or endometrium.

A

LH- (Luteinizing Hormone)

209
Q

This structure affecting menstruation contains the primordial cell activated by the FSH to begin to grown & mature.

A

Ovaries

210
Q

This is known to cause the Graafian follicle to rupture and the ovum is set free from the surface of the ovary.

A

Luteinizing Hormone and prostaglandin

211
Q

This structure affecting menstruation is known to be the organ of menstrual discharges.

A

Uterus

212
Q

This is the time between the ending of the menses and ovulation. This occurs after menses. This is known as the rapid proliferation of the uterine mucosa.

A

Proliferative or follicular

213
Q

What happens in the Proliferative or follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

(A) With the activity of hormones, the endometrium begins to proliferate so rapidly the thickness of the endometrium increases as much as eightfold from day 5 to day 14
(B) On day 14, Estrogen is at its peak and will cause the rupture/release of egg from Graafian Follicle

214
Q

This is known as the period after ovulation and before the next menses (10 to 14 days). This is known as the maturation and secretion by uterine glands.

A

Secretory or Luteal Phase

215
Q

What happens during the Secretory or Luteal Phase?

A

(A) Existence of corpus luteum (formation of progesterone)
(B) Implantation of zygote will occur in this phase

216
Q

This phase in the menstrual cycle occurs when the egg is not fertilized and the corpus luteum in the ovary regresses.

A

Ischemic phase

217
Q

What happens in the ischemic phase?

A

(A) Production of progesterone decreases
(B) Endometrium of the uterus degenerates and sloughs off

218
Q

This phase of the menstrual cycle is known as the menstrual flow and the end of the menstrual cycle.

A

Menses

219
Q

What happens during the menses phase?

A

Composed of mixture of blood from ruptured capillaries, mucin, fragments from endometrial tissue and microscopic atrophied ovum

220
Q

When does the fertilized egg mature from a single cell to a fully developed fetus?

A

38 weeks

221
Q

Under the stages of fetal development, this is known as the first 2 weeks beginning with fertilization

A

Pre embryonic

222
Q

Under the stages of fetal development, this occurs at 3 to 8 weeks or one to two months of pregnancy.

A

Embryonic

223
Q

This pertains to the egg from ovulation to fertilization.

A

Ovum

224
Q

This transpires from fertilization to implantation.

A

Zygote

225
Q

This transpires from implantation to 5 to 8 weeks of pregnancy.

A

Embryo

226
Q

This transpires from 5 to 8 weeks of pregnancy until the mother’s term.

A

Fetus

227
Q

This pertains to the developing embryo and placental structures throughout pregnancy.

A

Conceptus

228
Q

This pertains to the earliest age at which fetuses survive if they are born is generally accepted as 24 weeks or at the point a fetus weighs more than 500 to 600 grams.

A

Age of Viability

229
Q

This phenomenon is also referred to as conception or impregnation. This is known as the union of an ovum and a spermatazoon.

A

Fertilization

230
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

(A) Usually occurs in the ampullar portion (outer third of a fallopian tube)
(B) Must occur quickly because an ovum is capable of fertilization for only about 24-48 hrs, beyond this time, it atrophies

231
Q

What are the three (3) separate factors wherein fertilization may depend on?

A

(A) Equal maturation of both sperm and ovum
(B) ATbility of the sperm to reach the ovum (motility)
(C) Ability of the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and cell membrane and achieve fertilization

232
Q

This is released by the acrosomal head for sperm to penetrate.

A

Hyaluronidase

233
Q

This condition is characterized to be the gestational tropoblastic disease wherein multiple sperm cells have entered the ovum that could lead to abnormal zygote formation.

A

H.mole or Hydatidiform Mole/Molar pregnancy

234
Q

This is known as the fertilized ovum.

A

Zygote (travels from the ampulla to the uterus)

MATERNAL AND CHILD NURSING (5 decks)

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