Module 08: Principles of Growth and Development (Part 01) Flashcards
This refers as a unit that is being expressed to different changes that would take place in the lifetime of an individual.
Principles of Growth and Development
Why are the principles of growth and development important?
(A) Because it helps us provide an opportunity to assess our patients.
(B This supplies anticipatory guidance, mostly specifically related to each age group.
This is a term used to denote the increase in physical size or quantitative change. It is something that is measurable.
Growth
What is growth in terms of cellular changes?
Growth involves an increase in cell size due to cell division and protein synthesis, which leads to an increase in the size and weight of body parts.
How is growth in weight measured?
Measured by kilograms or pounds.
How is growth in height measured?
Measured by centimeters or inches.
This indicates an increase in skill or ability to function. It is characterized to be the qualitative change.
Development
How is the development of a child measured?
It is measured by observing the child’s ability to perform a specific task.
(A) Development is measured by observing a child’s ability to perform specific tasks, tracking progress from basic to advanced stages.
(B) Development is supported by learning and maturation, expanding the individual’s capacity to function.
Give an example of a developmental milestone in fine motor skills.
Picking up small objects, like raisins, is an example of a fine motor skill milestone in children.
This is defined as a standardized test to measure the development of a child.
Metro Mania Development Screening Test (MMDST)
What is the general process of Growth & Development (G&D)?
(A) G&D is a continuous process from conception to death, involving new cell growth and the acquisition of new skills.
(B) From newborn to infancy, growth is rapid, with an infant’s weight typically tripling from birth.
(C) It follows a definite and predictable pattern of trends.
Do growth and development follow patterns?
Yes, G&D follow definite, predictable patterns and trends that proceed in an orderly sequence.
(A) Growth in height follows a sequence from shorter to taller over time, typically in an orderly progression.
(B) Motor development follows predictable orders, such as muscle use for creeping, standing, walking, and then running.
(C) There are periods of accelerated and decelerated growth rates.
Do all body systems develop at the same rate?
No, body systems grow at different rates. Some tissues, like neurologic tissue, develop more rapidly than others.
(A) Neurologic tissue experiences peak growth during the first year of life.
(B) Genital tissue completes its growth as the individual reaches puberty.
This pertains to the growth that progresses from the head down to the lower extremities.
Cephalocaudal Development
This pertains to the development where growth starts at the center of the body and moves outward, seen as infants gain shoulder control before fine hand movements.
Proximodistal Development
Describe the initial hand use in infant development.
Infants initially use their hand as one unit before developing the ability to manipulate individual fingers.
What is the sequence from gross to refined skills in development?
Development progresses from gross motor skills to refined skills, in parallel with proximodistal development.
(A) Once children control their toes and other distal body parts, they can progress to more refined, coordinated movements.
Is there an optimal time for learning new skills in children?
Yes, there is an optimal time for learning experiences, depending on when the nervous system is mature enough to support the skill.
(A) Children cannot learn specific skills until their nervous system matures enough to allow for the coordination and control needed for that skill.
Why is nervous system maturity essential for skill development?
Nervous system maturity is essential because it enables the physical control required for skills like sitting, grasping, and walking.
What must occur before an infant can start grasping objects?
The grasp reflex must fade before an infant can intentionally grasp objects.
How do neonatal reflexes affect development?
Neonatal reflexes, like the grasp reflex, must be lost before new, voluntary developmental skills can proceed.
(A) Many skills and behaviors are learned through repeated practice, allowing children to secure each developmental step.
What is the role of practice in child development?
Practice is crucial for refining and mastering new skills, supporting the progression from basic to advanced abilities.
This kind of development proceeds from the head down to the tail, with improvement in structure and function starting in the head, then moving to the trunk, and finally to the legs.
Cephalocaudal Development
What developmental milestones follow the cephalocaudal pattern?
A child first gains head control, then can sit, and eventually learns to walk.
This moves from the center of the body outward, progressing from the central axis toward the extremities.
Proximodistal Development
What are examples of proximodistal development?
In proximodistal development, infants first gain control of shoulder movements before fine motor skills, such as using their hands and fingers, develop.
Under this kind of development, the growth progresses from broad actions to precise skills, as seen when children initially hold large objects with both arms, then one hand, and later pick up small objects with fingers.
General to Specific Responses
What are the two major factors influencing growth and development?
(A) Genetics
(B) Environment
This factor influencing growth and development controls the physiological functions and characteristics of an individual. Mutations or chromosomal abnormalities can lead to genetic disorders, which may be inherited or congenital.
Genetics (through DNA segments)
This factor influencing growth and development provides essentials like food, safety, and emotional support, which are crucial for healthy growth and development.
The environment (particularly a supportive family)
How does genetics help in making each child unique?
Each child is unique, gender-related characteristics will influence growth and development.
These make up a person’s basic genetic structure and influence traits like gender, health, intelligence, and temperament.
Chromosomes
How does gender influence growth and development?
At birth, girls are typically lighter and shorter than boys, but by puberty (ages 14-16), boys generally grow taller and heavier than girls.
How does health impact growth in children?
Children with genetically transmitted diseases may grow more slowly, depending on the illness type and any treatments received, potentially affecting normal growth and development.
How does intelligence relate to growth and skill acquisition?
Children with high intelligence tend to advance more quickly in cognitive skills, though not necessarily in physical growth, as they may focus more on books and mental activities.
These children are not good in physical skills. They don’t generally grow faster physically as they spend more time in books and mental games.
Intelligent Children
This pertains to a person’s usual reaction pattern to environmental stimuli, an inborn characteristic present from birth.
Temperament
How does temperament influence a child’s behavior?
(A) Unlike moral and cognitive development, which progresses in stages, temperament is inborn and does not change through developmental stages.
(B) Temperament shapes a child’s ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to different situations and stimuli, creating a consistent response pattern.
What factors contribute to a child’s temperament?
Temperament is influenced by genetics and is evident from birth, affecting how a child responds to new phases and environmental changes.
What are the three (3) main patterns of temperament attributes?
(A) Easy Child
(B) Difficult Child
(C) Slow to wam up Child
This child is characterized to be even-tempered, regular and predictable in habits, positive, open to change, and displays mild to moderate mood intensity. About 40% of children fall into this category.
Easy Child
This child is characterized to be highly active, irritable, and has irregular habits. They require a structured environment and struggle to adapt to new routines and situations.
Difficult Child
This child reacts negatively to new stimuli, adapts slowly with repeated contact, is generally inactive, does not readily participate, and tends to be moody with low-intensity reactions.
Slow to Warm Up Child
How does a Difficult Child handle new routines or changes?
A Difficult Child struggles with new routines, needing structure and consistency to feel comfortable, as they are not naturally adaptable.
How does an Easy Child typically react to new stimuli?
An Easy Child approaches new stimuli positively and is adaptable to changes in their environment.
What is the initial reaction of a Slow to Warm Up Child to new situations?
A Slow to Warm Up Child typically reacts with mild negativity, showing low participation and adapting slowly unless given repeated exposure.
This refers to the regularity in the timing of physiological functions like eating, sleeping, and toileting, indicating a person’s biological rhythms.
Rhythmicity
This indicates physical motion during activities. This refers to how physically active a person is. Some people feel the need to be up and moving and on the go all the time, whereas other people are more likely to move more slowly and engage in quieter, calmer activities.
Activity Level
Differentiate the activity level between high-activity and low-activity children.
High-activity children are often restless, while low-activity children tend to engage in quieter activities and are less physically active.
This describes a child’s initial response to new stimuli. Approaching children explore new situations eagerly, while withdrawing children are slower to warm up and need time to adapt.
Approach-withdrawal
This is characterized as the ease with which a child adjusts to changes or new situations. Highly adaptable children transition easily, while those who are slower to adapt may struggle with changes.
Adaptability
This pertains to the level of sensitivity to sensory stimuli like sound and light needed to evoke a response. Children vary in their sensitivity, affecting their reactions to their environment.
Sensory Threshold
This pertains to the quality of mood reflects a child’s general disposition, ranging from positive (happy and upbeat) to negative (subdued or more reserved).
Predominant Quality
This refers to the energy level of a child’s reactions. High-intensity children react strongly to both positive and negative events, while low-intensity children have more subdued responses.
Intensity of Mood Expression
This pertains to the length of time or the ease with which external stimuli divert a child’s attention. Highly distractible children are easily sidetracked, while those with low distractibility can stay focused despite distractions.
Distractability
These individuals are characterized to be hot-headed yet compassionate, outgoing, and adventurous.
Sanguine Individuals
These individuals are characterized to be calm and easygoing, shy, and sometimes indecisive. They keep their calmness, can be a bit bratty, and tend to follow their own path.
Phlegmatic Individuals
These individuals are characterized to be often group leaders, efficient, organized, but can be bossy.
Melancholic Individuals
These individuals are characterized to be goofy, bubbly, fun to be around, and have a “YOLO” attitude, which sometimes lands them in trouble.
Choleric Individuals
What environmental factors influence a child’s growth and development?
(A) Socio-economic status
(B) Parent-child relationship
(C) Ordinal position in the family
(D) Health
(E) Nutrition
How does socio-economic status affect a child’s growth?
Socio-economic status impacts access to healthcare, nutrition, and immunization. Children in lower socio-economic settings may experience insufficient nutrition, incomplete immunizations, and higher susceptibility to diseases.
Why is nutrition important for a child’s development?
Proper nutrition provides essential nutrients for growth and immunity. Inadequate nutrition can lead to underweight conditions, making children more vulnerable to illnesses.
How does the parent-child relationship affect growth and development?
A child who feels loved and cared for thrives more than one who doesn’t. Quality time with parents is more valuable than the amount of time, and effective parental care supports better development.
These are to known to influence learning and social skills, as children often learn by observing and interacting with siblings.
Ordinal position (such as being the firstborn, middle, youngest, or only child)
How can health impact a child’s development?
Both environmental illnesses and genetic conditions can affect growth and development. Exposure to unhealthy environments can impair physical and cognitive growth.
Why is nutrition critical in child development?
Adequate nutrition supports growth, intelligence, and immunity. Poor maternal and childhood nutrition can limit growth and intelligence potential and weaken resistance to infections, affecting lifelong health.
(A) Health eating pattern leads to better health in adult years
This is a systematic principle that provides a framework for explaining phenomena, helping to understand why certain behaviors or developments occur.
THEORY
This is a skill or responsibility that must be achieved at a specific time in life to successfully accomplish future tasks.
DEVELOPMENT TASK
Who authored the psychoanalytic theory?
SIGMUND FREUD
Who authored the Psychosocial theory?
ERIK ERIKSON
Who authored the Cognitive theory?
JEAN PIAGET
Who authored the Theory of Moral Development?
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
Who authored the Stages of Faith?
JAMES FOWLER
What is the neonatal age period?
The neonatal age period spans from birth to 27 or 28 days.
Define the infancy developmental age period.
Infancy is from 1 to 12 months of age.
