Module 09: Care of An Infant and Family (Part 01) Flashcards
What age range defines the infancy period?
1 month to 1 year.
This time of a child is characterized to be where the growth and development of physical changes is so dramatic.
Infancy
Why is infancy considered a dramatic period of physical growth and development?
Because the infant’s body systems undergo rapid, progressive maturation, with simultaneous development in areas like fine motor skills and language skills.
This intends to identify the milestones or changes in the development of the infant.
Care of an Infant and Family
What developmental direction does the infant’s physical growth follow?
(A) Cephalocaudal (head to toes) and
(B) Proximodistal (central to periphery)
Acquisition of different skills could be current or simultaneous.
How rapid is the growth rate in the first six months of an infant’s life?
Growth is very rapid, with significant milestones occurring quickly (FIRST SIX MONTHS AND BIRTH, 0 TO 30 DAYS).
At what rate does an infant’s brain grow during this period?
The brain grows to about half the size of an adult brain by the end of infancy.
Describe the development of an infant’s nervous system.
Body temperature stabilizes gradually as infants initially lack sufficient body fat to regulate temperature and are prone to hypothermia.
These motor abilities refer to the ability of infants to utilize their hands.
Fine Motor Skills
These motor abilities refer to the big muscles of lower extremities for crawling, creeping, standing on its own, running and walking.
Gross Motor Skills
What indicates the development of an infant’s visual abilities?
Eyes begin to focus and fixate on objects, such as following a red pom-pom stimulus.
How does an infant’s cardiovascular system develop during infancy?
(A) The heart doubles in weight,
(B) Heart rate slows as ventricles develop, and
(C) Blood pressure rises.
What is the basic task of all infants?
SURVIVAL (breathing, sucking, eliminating, digesting)
This is important because it reflects infant maturity and growth of their body organs.
Interaction of external stimulations in order to grow and develop.
How much weight does an infant typically gain weekly until 5-6 months of age?
150 to 210 grams (5-7 oz) per week (VERY RAPID DURING THE FIRST SIX MONTHS)
Why might an infant lose weight in the first few days after birth?
Due to the elimination of fluids and other bodily secretions (THEY LOSE WEIGHT AFTER TWO TO THREE DAYS).
How does an infant’s birth weight change by 6 months and 1 year?
(A) Birth weight doubles at 6 months.
(B) Birth weight triples at 1 year of age.
Why are bottle-fed infants at a higher risk for childhood obesity compared to breastfed infants?
Bottle-fed infants may consume more due to the higher sugar content in formula milk, leading to increased weight gain.
These infants tend to self regulate their energy intake and may have a lower risk of excessive weight gain compared to formula-fed infants.
Breastfed Infants
These infants tend to have an augmented risk in developing childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease.
Bottle-fed infants
What is the average height increase per month for an infant until 6 months?
Approximately 2.5 cm (1 inch) per month.
What is the normal birth length among infants?
46 to 54 centimeters
How does an infant’s length change by 1 year?
Birth length doubles by 1 year, with growth mainly occurring in the trunk rather than the legs.
How much does an infant’s head circumference increase during the first 6 months?
About 2 cm (0.75 inch) per month (per month for the first six months).
How much does an infant’s head circumference increase from six months to to 12 months?
Increases approximately 0.4 or 0.5 cm (0.2 inch) until 12 - months
By what percentage does brain weight increase by the end of infancy?
Brain weight increases to approximately 2.5 times its birth weight by the end of infancy.
What is the average head circumference of an infant at birth, and how does it change by 6 and 12 months?
Birth head circumference is around 34-35 cm, increasing to about 43 cm at 6 months and 46 cm by 12 months.
These are soft spots on an infant’s skull that allow for brain growth and expansion; they close as the infant matures.
Fontanels
When do the anterior fontanels typically close in an infant?
The anterior fontanels close around 12-18 months of age.
When do the posterior fontanels typically close?
The posterior fontanels usually close within 6-8 weeks after birth.
How does an infant’s chest circumference compare to head circumference by 12 months?
By 12 months, chest circumference approximately equals head circumference.
What is the approximate chest circumference of an infant at birth, and how does it change by 12 months?
At birth, chest circumference is around 32-33 cm.
How does the growth rate of an infant’s heart compare to the growth of the rest of the body?
(A) The heart grows less rapidly than the rest of the body.
(B) The weight of the heart doubles by the end of the first year.
How does an infant’s respiratory rate change from birth to the end of the first year?
It slows from 30-60 breaths per minute at birth to 20-30 breaths per minute by the end of the first year.
Describe the respiration of infants.
Respiratory movement is abdominal. This is because their intercostal muscles are underdeveloped, so they rely more on the diaphragm for breathing.
Why are infants at a higher risk for respiratory infections like pneumonia?
Due to their immature immune system,
(A) Small airway size and lumen
(B) Reduced mucus production, and
(C) Undeveloped IgA levels, which limits their ability to clear pathogens.
What makes upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) common in infants?
Small airways and a close connection from trachea to bronchi enable quick spread of pathogens, increasing the risk of infections.
How does the structure of an infant’s Eustachian tube increase the risk of ear infections?
The Eustachian tube is short and straight, allowing infections to easily move from the pharynx to the middle ear, leading to otitis media.
This is a pattern where the heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration.
Sinus Arrhythmia
How does an infant’s heart rate change from birth to the end of the first year?
Heart rate decreases from 120-160 bpm at birth to 100-120 bpm by the end of the first year.
How does blood pressure change in infants during the first year?
Blood pressure gradually increases from around 80/40 mmHg at birth to about 100/60 mmHg by the end of the first year.
This rises due to the increasing strength of the ventricles as they develop the ability to pump blood more effectively through systemic circulation.
Systolic Pressure
This initially decreases in the first three months, then gradually returns to near-birth values as the cardiovascular system matures.
Diastolic Pressure
AT what age does physiologic anemia begin?
2 to 3 ,months of age
What are the typical hemoglobin (HgB) levels in physiologic anemia?
9 to 11 g/dL
Is treatment required for physiologic anemia in infants?
No, because physiologic anemia in infants is normal and does not require any treatment.
How long is fetal hemoglobin (HgbF) present in an infant’s body?
Present for the first 5 months of life
When does adult hemoglobin begin to increase in infants?
Adult hemoglobin begins to increase steadily around 6 months of age.
This condition occurs due to the presence of fetal hemoglobin, which uses iron stores from the mother and depresses erythropoietin, leading to a decreased RBC production and shorter RBC lifespan.
Physiologic Anemia
When do digestive processes begin functioning?
At around 3 months of age
What is a common sign of developing digestive system among infants?
DROOLING (common due to the immature digestive system).
Why is swallowing difficult for young infants?
Because infants have a poorly coordinated swallowing reflex.
Which substances aid in gastric digestion in the infant’s stomach?
(A) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
(B) Renin
Where else does digestion occur among infants aside from the stomach?
Takes place in the duodenum, aided by pancreatic enzymes like AMYLASE.
Why do bits of undigested food sometimes appear in the infant’s stool?
Because the infant’s digestive system is immature and cannot fully breakdown certain foods.
Which pancreatic enzymes help breakdown casein found in milk?
(A) Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
(B) Renin
(They break casein down and form a curd).
These pancreatic enzymes are known to help break down fats and protein during digestion.
(A) Lipase
(B) Bile
This pancreatic enzyme is known to help break down complex carbohydrates during digestion.
AMYLASE
This pancreatic enzyme is known to help breakdown proteins into polypeptides and amino acids.
TRYPSIN
How is the liver characterized during infancy?
(A) Immature throughout infancy.
(B) Immature for the first year, especially in bodily processes like glucogenesis, formation of proteins and ketones, storage of vitamins, and deamination of amino acids.
What causes jaundice among infants?
High levels of bilirubin (gives yellowish tint to the skin, eyes and the stool).
This maternal antibody offers immunity approximately 3 months against antigens of which mothers are exposed to.
IgG
When does immunoglobulin G reach its adult level?
Reaches 40% of its adult level by 1 year (It is important for fighting viral infection and is characterized to be the only antibody that crosses the placenta.
This antibody is produced at birth. These are found in the blood and lymph nodes, where they are characterized to first respond when there is an infection.
IgM
When does immunoglobulin M reach its adult level?
Reaches its adult level by 9 to 12 months.
When do antibodies like IgA, IgD, and IgE reach maximum levels?
Reach maximum levels in early childhood.
This antibody is present in the nose, respiratory system, and saliva. And it is also abundant in BREAST MILK, where it promotes probiotic bacteria, protecting gastrointestinal tract from pathogens like E coli and diarrhea.
IgA
These antibodies protect the body from bacteria, cancer cells, and other microorganisms.
(A) IgD
(B) IgE
Why are infants at higher risk for dehydration?
Because infants have immature renal structures, making it difficult to concentrate urine.
At what age do kidneys begin to mature in infants?
Occur during 30 months of age onwards.
How frequent should infants typically void?
Infants void frequently, producing 15 to 60 ml/kg of urine per 24 hours.
What is the normal specific gravity (SG) range for an infant’s urine?
The specific gravity of infant urine typically ranges from 1.008 to 1.012
(It is low because of their immature kidneys, wherein they cannot concentrate urine well, thus resulting in low specific gravity).
This among infants would indicate dehydration (darker urine).
HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY
(Low specific gravity suggests adequate hydration).
This condition is known as low urine output defined as less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr in infants.
Oliguria
At what age does adipose tissue increase among infants?
Increases around 6 months of age.
This tissue is important because it is characterized to insulate the body against heat loss.
ADIPOSE TISSUE
How does an infant’s body respond to cold?
An infant shivers (thermogenesis) to generate warmth in response to cold.
These are teeth characterized to be present at birth.
Natal Teeth
These are teeth characterize to erupt within the first 4 weeks of life.
Neonatal Teeth
These are teeth, characterized to be a temporary set of teeth in children.
Deciduous Teeth (also known as baby teeth)
What are the main areas of development in infants?
(A) Motor development
(B) Sensory development
(C) Language development
(D) Emotional development
This main area of development among infants include physical skills, wherein they develop skills like crawling and walking.
Motor development
This main area of development among infants involves the sense of sight, taste, smell and hearing.
Sensory development
This main area of development among infants include forms of communication and understanding, like crying (which is a foundational aspect of this development).
Language Development
This main area of development involves social development and also infants learning how to manage their feelings, understand the feelings of others, and be sensitive.
Emotional Development
How much weight does an infant typically gain per week during the first 6 months?
5 to 7 ounces per week for the first 6 months
When does an infant’s birth weight double and triple?
(A) Doubles during 6 months.
(B) Triples during 1 year.
How much height does an infant grain monthly in the first 6 months?
2.5 cm in height MONTHLY during the first 6 MONTHS.
How much does an infant’s head circumference increase monthly in the first 6 months?
By about 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) each month during the first 6 months.
What type of breathing is characteristic of infants in the first 3 to 6 months?
Infants are obligatory NOSE BREATHERS, breathing only through their noses, except when crying.
What reflexes are present and strong in a 1 month old infant?
Primitive reflexes (Including rooting reflexes, are strong in a 1 month old infant).
What gross motor ability does a 1 month old infant display?
The infant assumes a flexed position and can turn their head from side to side when in prone position.
Describe the gross motor abilities of a 1 month old infant in different positions.
(A) In prone position, they can turn their head side to side.
(B) In supine position, they still lack control.
(C) In ventral position, they assume a flexed posture.
What is the typical 1 month old fine motor development?
(A) The infants hands are predominantly closed.
(B) The grasp reflex is strong.
What is the typical 1 month old sensory development?
(A) A month old can fixate on a moving object within a 45 degree range at a distance of 8 to 10 inches.
(B) Follows light to midline
(C) Familiar sounds tend to soothe the infant.
(D) Infants quiet down when they hear a familiar voice.
(E) Respond to sharp sounds.
Based on an infant’s language development, how do infants express displeasure?
BY CRYING
Based on social or emotional development, how does a 1 month old infant react when frequently seeing their primary caregiver?
The infant tends to become quiet or at rest when they fixate on familiar faces like their primary caregiver.
When does the posterior fontanel close?
2 MONTHS OF AGE
What does it indicate if the posterior fontanel of an infant is bulging?
(A) It may indicate fluid buildup or increased pressure.
(B) IT may also bulge when the infant cries.
What specific sounds indicate certain needs in an infant?
(A) Neh = hungry
(B) Owh = sleepy
(C) Heh = discomfort
(D) Eair = lower gas
(E) Eh = burp
Based on social or emotional development, what cognitive phase is a 1 month old infant in according to Piaget?
The infant is in the sensorimotor stage, specifically stage 1 (birth to 1 month) and stage 2, primary circular reaction ( 1 to 4 months).
What sounds do infants make besides crying?
An infant may make small, throaty sounds, and comfort sounds during feeding.
What fine motor skills develop in a 2 month old?
A 2 month old begins to open their hands, and the grasp reflex fades and becomes unlike in the first month when their hands were mostly closed.
Based on language development, how does a 2 month old respond to familiar voices?
They vocalize in response to familiar voices.
Based on social or emotional development, how does a 2 month old infant interact with a parent’s face?
Intently watches as their parents talk to them.
Based on sensory development, how does a two month old respond to sound?
a 2 month old turns their head to the side when a sound is made at the level of their ear.
Based on gross motor development, how does a 2 month old infant move when placed in a prone position?
Assumes less flexed position and vigorously lifts their head to a 45 degree angle when in a prone or abdominal position.
What gross motor activity should be encouraged at 2 months?
Tummy time should be encouraged to help strengthen their neck and upper body muscles.
How does a 2 month old interact with visual stimuli?
Can focus and follow objects with their eyes.
Based on sensory development, this is known as the ability to fuse two images into one. It begins developing at 2 months of age.
BIONOCULAR VISION
Based on language development,, what should parents do to encourage language development at 2 months of age?
Parents should provide auditory stimuli, especially by speaking or singing to the infant to encourage language development.
Based on language development, how does a 2 month old’s vocalization change?
At two months old, crying becomes differentiated and the infant begins to coo and vocalize distinct sounds such as ah, eh and uh.
Based on language development, how does a 2 month old respond to familiar voices?
A 2 month old vocalizes in response to voices.
Based on social and emotional development, what is a key milestone for a 2 month old?
A 2 month old begins to exhibit social smiles, smiling in return when someone smiles at them.
What happens to primitive reflexes at 3 months of age?
Primitive reflexes begin to fade at 3 months of age.
Based on gross motor development, how does a 3 month old infant respond when pulled to a sitting position?
They show a slight head lag but can control their neck to some degree.
What gross motor ability does a 3 month old infant exhibit when placed in a prone position?
A 3 month old lifts both their head and chest when in the prone position, moving beyond just lifting their head to 45 degrees.
What fine motor skill can 3 month old perform?
Can actively hold a rattle but will not reach for it yet,
Based on fine motor development, what change occurs in the grasp reflex at 3 months?
Grasp reflex is absent, and the ability to grasp becomes voluntary.
Based on sensory development, how does a 3 month old respond to objects in their environment?
A 3 month old can follow objects up to 180 degrees from side to side,
Based on sensory development, how does a 3 month old locate sounds?
A 3 month old locates sounds by turning their head side to side and looking in the same direction.
Based on sensory development, what new skill does a 3 month old develop with their hands?
A 3 month old can engage in hand regard, looking at and holding both hands together,
Based on language development, how does a 3 month old vocalize to show pleasure?
BY SQUEALING
Based on language development, how does a 3 month old infant respond when spoken to?
A 3 month old talks a great deal when spoken to and vocalizes while smiling.
How does crying change in a 3 month old infant?
A 3 month old cries less during wakefulness and becomes more interactive.
Based on social and emotional development, what social milestone does a 3 month old exhibit?
A 3 month old shows considerable interest in their surroundings,
Based on social and emotional development, how does a 3 month old baby recognize familiar people and respond during feeding time?
(A) Can recognize familiar faces and objects and may stop crying when their parents enter the room.
(B) Enjoys playing during feeding.
What physical change happens at 4 months related to drooling?
Drooling begins at 4 months as the infant’s salivary glands start to function more actively.
What reflexes disappear at 4 months?
(A) The Moro reflex
(B) The tonic neck reflex
(C) Rooting reflex
Based on gross motor development, how does a 4 month old infant’s head control improve?
Has almost no head lag when pulled to a sitting position and can balance their head well when sitting,
What gross motor skill can a 4 month old achieve?
A 4 month old can roll from their back to their side and has better head and neck control, reducing the risk of falling.
What fine motor skills develop at 4 month old?
Can inspect and play with their hands, pull clothing or a blanket over their face in play, and try to reach for objects (though they may overload).
Based on fine motor development, how does a 4 month old grasp and interact with objects?
Grasps objects with both hands and brings hands or toys to their mouths.
Based on sensory development, how does a 4 month old infant respond to sounds?
Turns and looks toward familiar and distinctive sounds.
What sensory milestone occurs at 4 months related to objects?
A 4 ,month old begins to recognize familiar objects.
Based on sensory development, how does a 4 month old begin to develop eye hand coordination?
They start to develop hand eye coordination as they learn how to grasp objects.
Based on language development, how does a 4 month old vocalize?
A 4 month old begins to babble and laughs aloud, signaling more advanced vocalization beyond simple cries.
Based on social and emotional development, how does a 4 month old express their need for attention?
A 4 month old demands attention by fussing and becomes bored if left alone.
Based on social and emotional development, how does a 4 month old react to social interactions?
They enjoy social interactions with people and anticipates feeding when they see the bottle or their mother (if breastfeeding).
Based on social and emotional development, how does a 4 month old express excitement?
A 4 month old shows excitement by squealing, breathing heavily, and using their whole body to express joy.
Based on social and emotional development, how does a 4 month respond to their mother?
A 4 month old knows and imitates their mother.
What reflex disappears by 5 months?
The Moro Reflex
What gross motor skills can a 5 month old perform?
A 5 month old can turn over from back to front and roll from side to side. They are at risk for falls due to increase mobility.
What fine motor skills can a 5 month old perform?
They can grasp objects voluntarily and take them directly to their mouth, They can also reach out for objects.
Based on sensory development, how can a 5 month old respond to sounds?
They can localize sounds downward or to the sides and can position themselves accordingly.
Based on language development, how does a 5 month old vocalize?
They make cooing vowel sounds combined with consonant sounds (e.g. Ahgoo).
Based on social and emotional development, how does a 5 month old react to their reflection?
They smile at their mirror image.
Based on social and emotional development, how does a 5 month old interact with a bottle or breast?
They pat the bottle or breast with both hands.
Based on social and emotional development, how do a 5 month old respond to familiar people and understand their name?
(A) They can discriminate between strangers and family members.
(B) They begin to understand their name.
What physical milestone occurs at 6 months regarding weight?
At 6 months, the infant’s birth weight doubles.
What teething signs may appear at 6 months?
Teething may begin with the eruption of the two lower central incisors.
What can the infant experience when he/she is already teething?
(A) Drooling
(B) Gum rubbing
(C) Finger sucking
(D) Biting on hard objects
What discomforts are common during teething at 6 months?
They may experience irritability, difficulty sleeping, and a refusal to eat.
(Misconceptions like vomiting or a fever due to teething are not typically related).
How can teething be relieved at 6 months?
Offering cold objects like ice pops can help soothe the discomfort,
What gross motor skills can a 6 month old achieve?
(A) Sit upright in a high chair with their back straight.
(B) Rolls from front to back.
(C) Bounce when held in a standing position.
(D) They can also stretch out their arms to be taken up.
What fine motor skills can a 6 month old achieve?
(A) They can hold a bottle,
(B) Grasp their feet and pull them to their mouth.
(C) Play with their toes.
(D) They can also drop one cube when another is given,
Under sensory development, how does a 6 month old develop depth perception?
They are capable of organized depth perception and can turn their head to the side and then look up and down.
Under language development, how can a 6 month old vocalize?
They begin to imitate sounds and babbles, with utterances, resembling one syllable sounds such as ma, my, da, di, and hi.
Under social or emotional development, how does a 6 month old react to strangers?
A 6 month old may begin to fear strangers.
Under social or emotional development, how does a 6 month old react to a dropped object?
A 6 month old briefly searches for a dropped object.
What happens to the infant’s teeth at 7 months?
The upper central incisors erupt and the infant’s teeth are becoming more developed.
What gross motor skills can a 7 month old perform?
A 7 month old is in perpetual motion, bouncing actively when held in a standing position, sitting learning forward both hands, and spontaneously lifting their head off the surface when in supine position. They can sit with support from their hands.
What fine motor skills can a 7 month old perform?
A 7 month old can transfer objects from one hand to the other, bang cubes on a table and rake at small objects.
Based on language development, how does a 7 month old vocalize?
A 7 month old produces vowel sounds and changed syllables like baba and dada. They talk when others are talking.
Under social and emotional development, how does a 7 month old react to strangers?
They show an increasing fear of strangers.
Under social and emotional development, what social activity does a 7 month old enjoy?
They enjoy playing peek-a-boo.
Under social and emotional development, how does a 7 month old demonstrate dislike of food?
They demonstrate dislike of food by keeping their lips closed.
What new physical pattern emerges at 8 month ?
An 8 month old begins to show regular patterns in bladder and bowel elimination.
What gross motor skill is mastered by an 8 month old infant?
An 8 month old can sit steadily without support and adjust their posture to reach for objects.
What fine motor skill begins at 8 months?
An 8 month old develops the beginning of the pincer grasp using the index and the fourth and fifth finger against the lower part of the thumb.
Under sensory development, how does an 8 month old respond to auditory stimuli?
An 8 month old listens selectively to familiar words.
Under social and emotional development, what emotional reaction peaks at 8 months?
STRANGER ANXIETY
Under social and emotional development, what behavior shows an 8 month old’s dislike for dressing and diaper changes?
They resist or fuss during dressing or diaper changes, indicating dislike.
What new teeth eruption occur at 9 months?
The lateral incisors
Under gross motor development, how does a 9 month old move on the ground?
Creeps on hands and knees.
What gross motor skills related to sitting and standing are observed at 9 months?
They can sit steadily on the floor for prolonged periods and pull themselves to a standing position, holding onto furniture.
What fine motor skills is developed by a 9 month old?
A 9 month old uses a crude pincer grasp, utilizing the thumb and index finger to pick up objects.
What gross motor skills does a 10 month old display?
They can move from a prone to sitting position, stand by holding onto furniture, and sit down by falling.
What fine motor skill involving a bell is developed at 10 months?
A 10 month old can grasp a bell by its handle.
Under sensory development, what cognitive milestone related to understanding object existence develops at 10 months?
The beginning of object permanence, allowing the infant to understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
Under sensory development, how does a 10 month old respond to their name?
They recognize their name and listens attentively when spoken to,.
Under language development, what words can a 10 month old say with meaning and what phrase can they understand?
(A) They can say dada and mama with meaning.
(B) They can comprehend bye bye.
Under social and emotional development, what social games and gestures does a 10 month old enjoy?
A 10 month old waves bye bye, imitates facial expressions, and plays interactive games like pat a cake.
Under social and emotional development, how does a 10 month old react to being scolded?
They may cry or show distress when scolded, demonstrating sensitivity to adult reactions.
What new teeth eruption occur at 11 months?
Eruption of the upper central incisors
What gross motor skill does an 11 month old develop related to walking?
They crise or walk while holding onto furniture or with both hands held.
What fine motor skill demonstrates precision at 11 months?
They have a neat pincer grasp. However, they drop objects deliberately to have them picked up.
How does sensory development evolve at 11 months?
At this age, sensory milestones include responding to and interacting with objects and surroundings, though specific details may vary.
What speech milestone does an 11 month achieve?
They imitate definite speech sounds.
Under social and emotional development, how does an 11 month old react to nursery rhymes or stories?
They anticipate body gestures when a familiar nursery rhyme or story is told.
Under social and emotional development, how does an 11 month old express rejection?
They shake their head to indicate a no.
Under social and emotional development, how does an 11 month old move with assistance?
They walk with two hands held.
How much weight does a 12 month old gain since birth?
The birth weight triples.
By how much has a 12 month old’s birth length increased?
By 50%
What is the status of the anterior fontanel at 12 months?
IT is almost closed
What gross motor milestones does a 12 month old achieve related to walking?
Walks with one hand held, may attempt to stand alone momentarily, and may take their first step alone.
How does a 12 month old transition from standing to sitting?
They can sit down from a standing position without help.
What fine motor skill involving blocks and containers does a 12 month old attempt to do?
(A) They attempt to build a two block tower but they usually fall.
(B) They can put objects in and take objects out of containers.
What drawing ability does as 12 month have?
They can draw a semi straight line with crayon.
Under sensory development, how does a 12 month old’s visual tracking improve and how do they respond to sounds?
(A) They can follow rapidly moving objects.
(B) They can easily locate sounds from any direction and turn towards them.
Under language development, how many words does a 12 month old typically say, besides mama and dada?
They can say 3 to 5 additional words.
Under language development, what animal related language milestone occurs at 12 months?
They can imitate animal sounds.
Under language development, how does a 12 month old respond to commands?
They search for an object even if it has not been hidden but searches only where the object was last seen.
