Module 09: Care of An Infant and Family (Part 02) Flashcards
What is the relationship between parenteral health and infant health under Gordon’s Functional Health Pattern?
If parents are healthy, the infant is likely to be healthy.
What can happen if parent do not talk or interact with their child?
It can decrease growth and development.
What is the nursing responsibility related to health perception and management for infants?
Provide health education to parents (encourage talking to and cuddling the infant to enhance maturation).
Why is breastfeeding encouraged in the first year of life?
Breastmilk provides essential antibodies and meets the nutritional needs of the infant for the first 6 months.
When does extreme rapid growth occur?
The entire first year of life (High protein and high calorie).
How much breastmilk is typically produced per hour?
1 to 1.5 oz. per hour
What is the recommended daily limit for formula milk intake?
32 oz per day
What are the storage guidelines for breastmilk?
(A) Room temperature: 3 to 4 hours
(B) Refrigerator: Up to 3 days
(C) Freezer: Up to 6 months
(D) Chest freezer: Up to 12 months
What should nurses encourage mothers to do about breastfeeding?
Encourage employed mother that they can continue breastfeeding with guidance and encouragement.
What are the readiness factors for introducing solid foods to an infant?
(A) Doubled birth weight.
(B) Well developed head control.
(C) Nursing vigorously every 3 to 4 hours but not satisfied.
(D) Consumes 8 ounces of formula but still hungry after 4 hours.
(E) Consumes 32 ounces of formula per day and wants more.
When should eggs be introduced to an infant’s diet?
After 1 year to avoid potential allergies to egg protein.
Why should new foods be introduced one at a time?
To monitor for allergies and establish trust with the infant.
How much solid food should be introduced at a time?
Start with 1 to 2 teaspoons
When should solid food be fed to the infant in relation to milk feeding?
Solid food should be fed before milk feeding.
How should you interact with an infant while introducing solid foods?
Look, smile, and talk to the infant to make the experience positive and comforting.
This is known as the process of giving up one method of feeding for another. This usually refers to the relinquishing the breast or bottle for a cup.
Weaning
When does weaning begin?
Begins at 5 to 6 months
Why is weaning considered a gradual and caring process?
It helps the infant learn to use lips for drinking and eases the transition without stress.
Why are infants at higher risk for fluid imbalances?
Infants have 40% extracellular fluid compared to adults who have 20% making them more prone to dehydration from diarrhea or improper feeding,
What conditions may cause constipation in infants?
(A) Anal fissures
(B) Tight anal sphincter
(C) Hirschsprung disease (aganglionic megacolon)
Why are breastfed infants rarely constipated?
Because they have loose stools due to the composition of breast milk.
What are the examples of exercises for infants?
Infants exercise through play, such as: (A) Visual toys
(B) Singing songs or lullabies
(C) Watching colorful, moving objects.
(D) Rocking in a rocking chair or crib
These toys are used to stimulate the senses of infants, help them relate to others and develop physical abilities.
Visual Toys
How many hours do infants sleep in the first months?
Sleeps 80% of the time, around 18 to 20 hours daily.
How many hours of sleep do infants need by 12 months?
By 12 months, infants typically need 12 hours of sleep.
How many naps do infants take by the end of their first year?
Infants take 1 to 2 nap per day by the end of first year.
What are the nursing responsibilities related to infant sleep?
(A) Provide a quiet room .
(B) Do not feed when sleepy.
(C) Aways put infants on their backs or sides to sleep, never on their abdomen, to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
What are the typical cognitive development pattern in infants?
(A) Visual sensor or cognitive development,
(B) Primary and secondary circular reactions.
(C) Coordination of secondary schema.
(D) Motor functions: Gross and fine motor development.
At what age do infants begin to identify themselves through a mirror?
At 4 months, infants can identify themselves in the mirror and are fascinated by their reflection.
How do infants react to their reflection in the mirror at 4 months?
Smile more at their own reflection than at others and show interests in themselves.
What are the key factors for infant growth and development?
(A) Adequate nutrition
(B) Sleep and rest
(C) Activity
(D) Adequate secretion of hormones
(E) Satisfactory relationships with significant others who provide love, human contact and stimulation.
What is the infant’s understanding of values and beliefs?
They have no developed concept of right and wrong. Parents serve as their role models, influencing their value belief development.
According to him, infants do not yet have developed value belief pattern. Their understanding of values is primarily shaped caregivers guidance and behavior.
James Fowler
At what age group does the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) assess?
Used for children from 0 to 6 years old.
What are the four aspects of a child’s development assessed by DDST?
(A) Personal-social
(B) Fine motor adaptive
(C) Language
(D) Gross Motor
Under DDST, this aspect aims to assess the child’s ability to get along with people and take care of themselves (e.g. dressing themselves, laughing).
Personal-social
Under DDST, this aspect aims to assess the child’s ability to see and use their hands to pick up objects and draw (e.g. tower of eight cubes, drawing).
Fine Motor Adaptive
Under DDST, this aspect aims to evaluate the child’s ability to hear, follow directions, and speak.
Language
Under DDST, this aspect aims to assess the child’s ability to sit, walk, and jump.
Gross Motor
What are some common nursing diagnoses for children undergoing developmental screening?
(A) Health seeking behavior
(B) Altered parenting
(C) High risk for injury
This is a paroxysmal abdominal pain that generally occurs in infants under 3 months of age and is marked by loud intense crying.
Infant Colic
What is the common cause of colic in infants?
(A) Overfeeding
(B) Swallowing a lot of air during drinking milk
(C) Rapid eating
(D) Improper feeding technique
What is the typical age range for infant colic to occur?
Usually occurs during the first 3 months of life, often referred to as the 100 day syndrome
What is the general nature of crying in infants with colic?
The crying is uncontrollable and extended, but the infant is otherwise healthy and well fed.
What is the management for infant colic?
(A) Self limiting
(B) Take a detailed history of daily events
(C) Place the infant in a prone position
(D) Massage the infant’s abdomen
(E) Respond immediately to crying
(F) Provide smaller and frequent feedings
(G) Burp the infant after feeding using the shoulder position or sitting upright.
This is characterized as condition of inadequate growth in height and weight resulting from infant’s inability to obtain or use calories needed for growth.
Failure to Thrive (Growth Failure) - Falls 5th percentile of Child Age
FTT is a sign of what?
Malnutrition and delayed development.
What are the causes of FTT?
(A) Inadequate caloric intake
(B) Inadequate absorption
(C) Increased metabolism
(D) Defective utilization of nutrients
What is the management for FTT?
(A) Adding caloric density to feedings.
(B) Multivitamin and dietary supplementation.
(C) Provide a primary core of staff to feed the child
(D) Create a quiet unstimulating atmosphere during meals.
(E) Maintain calm and even temperament throughout the meal.
(F) Talk to the child and give directions about eating,
(G) Be persistent in feeding.
(H) Face to face posture with the child.
(I) Follow the child’s rhythm of feeding.
(J) Develop a structured routine for feeding.
This is known as the sudden death of an infant under 1 year old, unexpected given the infant’s history. and post mortem examination fails to reveal a cause of death.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
What are the risk factors for Sudden infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
(A) Maternal smoking during pregnancy.
(B) Co-sleeping.
(C) Prone sleeping (sleeping on the stomach)
(D) Soft bedding (e.g. pillows, blankets, soft mattresses)
What are the three types of child abuse?
(A) Physical neglect or abuse
(B) Emotional neglect or abuse
(C) Sexual abuse
How can child development be promoted?
Recognizing that:
(A) Every child has individual variations in growth, with short term spurts and lags.
(B) Atypical infants (e.g. premature or low birth weight) are considered in development charts.
(C) Growth charts may be ethnically and socioeconomically biased, favoring white, middle classed children.
How often should an infant be bathed?
It is not necessary to bathe the infant every day except in very hot weather. Bath time should be a fun experience for the infant.
What is a key safety tip for bathe time with an infant?
Teach parents not to leave the infant alone in the tub.
How often should diaper care be done for an infant?
Diaper hygiene should be maintained every 2 to 4 hours.
What should be done after cleaning the infant’s diaper area?
After washing with clear water or commercial alcohol free wipes, pat dry or allow to air dry.
What are the recommendations for dressing an infant?
Dress infants in clothing that is easy to launder and simply constructed, making dressing and undressing easy without a struggle.
What are some recommendations for exercise for infants?
Infants need a space to crawl and walk, preferable in an enclosed outdoor play space.
When do infants typically begin to teethe and what is a common symptom?
Begins around 6 months with the eruption of the first tooth, causing sore and tender gums (makes the infant irritable).
What are some remedies for teething discomfort?
(A) Use cold teethers to ease the pain.
(B) Creams are not recommended.
(C) If teething is accompanied by high fever and convulsions, it is not a sign of teething.
What is the usual age for thumb sucking to begin, does it deform the jawline?
Typically begins at 8 months of age and does not deform the jawline. It is normal and usually stops at school age.
How can constipation in an infant be managed?
For breastfed infants, add more fluids to the formula. After 5 to 6 months, introduce bulk foods (vegetables, fruits, and fiber) and increase fluid intake,
What should be done if an infant has loose stool?
Subtract fluids from the formula and follow the instructions on the formula can.
What are some tips for managing colic in infants?
(A) Burp the baby frequently.
(B) For breastfed babies, advise mothers to avoid gassy foods like onions and camote.
(C) Encourage mothers to change their diet if necessary.
When does colic among infants disappear?
Disappears after 3 months.
How can diaper dermatitis be managed?
(A) Apply petroleum jelly or vaseline ointment.
(B) Allow the area to be exposed to air periodically.
(C) Change diapers every 2 to 4 hours.
What should be done if an infant has spitting up (sour bile or undigested food)?
Burp the baby after each feeding to prevent spitting up.
This condition is known as the prickly heat rash caused by overdressing the infant.
Miliaria
How do you manage Miliaria?
(A) Use petroleum jelly
(B) Avoid using powder
(C) Remove excess clothing and ensure the infant is not in an overheated room
This condition refers to the dental caries due to the prolonged used of a bottle.
Baby Bottle Syndrome
How do you prevent Baby Bottle Syndrome?
(A) Lessen bottle use.
(B) Never prop the bottle during feeding.
These accidents are most common around 4 months when the infant is unattended or has no support or supervision.
Falls
How do you prevent falls?
(A) Raise the side rails of the crib
(B) Do not leave the baby unattended
(C) Install rails or fences on stairs and doors
How do you prevent aspiration of foreign objects?
(A) Keep small objects away from the infant.
(B) Avoid propping bottles.
(C) Discourage the use of powder.
(D) Adults should set good examples.
How can burns be prevented among infants?
(A) Keep infant out of the sun from 10 am- 3 pm (SUNBURN)
(B) Avoid handling hot liquids near the infant
(C) Keep all matches, candles, lighters out of their reach
(E) Do not play with fire or cook with the baby
(F) Check water temperature before bathing
(1-6 months- place a cover to electrical sockets)
