Module 02: Care of Mother and Fetus During Antenatal Period (Part 01) Flashcards
1
Q
This is known to highlight marriage as not only a natural institution but as a sacrament in the service of communion and holiness.
A
The 1983 Code of Canon Law 2
2
Q
This goods of marriage is delineated as the fruitfulness of union.
A
Offspring
3
Q
This goods of marriage pertains to the phenomenon where two people are united into one to guide their children accordingly.
A
Sacrament
4
Q
What are the two (2) essential properties of marriage?
A
(1) Unity
(2) Indissolubility
5
Q
Under pubertal development, this stage of life transpires when secondary characteristics of both the male and female begin.
A
Puberty
6
Q
Under pubertal development, this hormone is responsible for muscular development, physical growth and increase in sebaceous gland secretion for both male and female.
A
Androgen
7
Q
Under pubertal development, this hormone is known to influence the development of the uterus along with the fallopian tubes and vagina, fat distribution and hair patterns, breast development (thelarche), and end of growth (closes the epiphyses of long bones.
A
Estrogen
8
Q
Under pubertal development, what does the hormone estrogen influence?
A
(1) Development of the uterus
(2) Fallopian tubes and vagina
(3) Fat distribution and hair patterns
(4) Breast development (thelarche)
(5) End of growth (closes the epiphyses of long bones)
9
Q
What are the female secondary sex characteristics?
A
(1) Growth spurt
(2) Increase in transverse pelvic diameter
(3) Breast development
(4) Growth of pubic hair
(5) Onset menstruation
(6) Growth of axillary hair
(7) Vaginal secretions
9
Q
This vaginal secretion pertains that the woman is fertile.
A
Clear
10
Q
This vaginal secretions pertains to preceding signs of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
A
Yellowish/Greenish
10
Q
This vaginal secretions pertains that the woman is not fertile.
A
White and Sticky
11
Q
What are different male secondary characteristics when undergoing pubertal development?
A
(1) Increase in weight
(2) Growth of testes
(3) Growth in face, axillary and pubic hair
(4) Voice changes
(5) Penile growth
(6) Increase in height
(7) Spermatogenesis
12
Q
This is characterized to be at least three (3) to six (6) inches and is lined with epithelial cells. This is also defined as the organ for copulation and is the passageway of products of conception.
A
Vaginal Canal
13
Q
This is delineated to be vaginal discharges. This is the low of a whitish, yellowish, or greenish discharge from the vagina of the female that may be normal or that may be a sign of infection.
A
Leukorrhea
14
Q
Under the internal reproductive system, this is the uppermost part that expands during pregnancy.
A
Body or Corpus
15
Q
Under the internal reproductive system, this is known as the passageway that is commonly cut during Cesarean section.
A
Isthmus
16
Q
Under the internal reproductive system, this is the lowest portion and the passageway during delivery. This is also characterized as the neck of the uterus.
A
Cervix
17
Q
What are the layers of the uterus?
A
(1) Endometrium
(2) Myometrium
(3) Perimetrium
18
Q
This layer of the uterus is important in menstrual function and is characterized to be influenced by estrogen and progesterone. This is also known as the site of implantation of the sperm cell.
A
Endometrium
19
Q
This layer of the uterus is known as the muscle layer of the uterus and is stimulated when the mother is in labor. This is characterized to consist of smooth muscle and is responsible for constructing the tubal junctions and preventing regurgitation of menstrual blood.
A
Myometrium
20
Q
This layer of the uterus is known to add strength and support to the uterus.
A
Perimetrium
21
Q
What are the different types of uterine deviations?
A
(1) Anterversion
(2) Retroversion
(3) Anteflexion
(4) Retroflexion
22
Q
Under the internal reproductive system, this type of uterine deviation is when the fundus is tipped forward. This is characterized as the ideal deviation.
A
Anteversion
23
Under the internal reproductive system, this type of uterine deviation is when the fundus is tipped backwards.
Retroversion
24
Under the internal reproductive system, this type of uterine deviation is when the body of the uterus is bent sharply forward.
Anteflexion
25
Under the internal reproductive system, this type of uterine deviation is when the body of the uterus is bent sharply backwards just above the cervix.
Retroflexion
26
Under the internal reproductive system, this is known to the convey the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus. This is also known as the site of fertilization.
Fallopian Tubes.
27
The fallopian tubes are divided into what?
(1) Interstitial
(2) Isthmus
(3) Ampulla
(4) Infundibulum
28
Under the internal reproductive system, this is a sub division of the fallopian tubes and is characterized to be the common part where fertilization happens.
Ampulla
29
Under the internal reproductive system, this is known to produce, mature, and discharge the egg cells along with hormones like estrogen and progesterone, which initiate menstruation.
Ovaries
30
This external organ of the male reproductive system is defined to support the testes and helps in regulating the temperature of the sperm.
Scrotum
31
This external organ of the male reproductive system is constituted of Leydig's cells (testosterone) and seminiferous glands.
Testes
32
This external organ of the male reproductive system is a copulatory organ of the male of higher vertebrates that in mammals usually also provides the channel by which urine leaves the body.
Penis
33
This refers to whether a person is male or female (whether a person has a penis or a vagina). This is also commonly used as an abbreviation for sexual intercourse.
Sex
34
This refers to the total expression of who you are as a human being. This is an integral part of a human and is delineated to be essential to the continued existence of humanity.
Sexuality
35
What are the components of human sexuality?
(1) Human development
(2) Sexual health
(3) Relationship and emotions
(4) Sexual behavior
(5) Sexual Violence
36
This is commonly defined as an episodic uterine bleeding, which is a response to cyclic hormonal changes (wherein hormones can decrease or increase).
Menstruation
37
Why is menstruation essential to the human anatomy?
Because it allows conception and implantation. It brings an ovum to maturity and renew uterine tissue bed due to production of different hormones.
38
When does menstruation occur?
It usually occurs as early as 8 to 9 years old and as late as age 17.
39
What is the length of a normal cycle and the length of menstrual flow among women?
(1) The length of the normal cycle is 28 days, but may still vary and;
(2) Length of menstrual flow: 4-6 days (average)
40
How much mens is excreted?
(A) Amount of mens excreted: 30-80 ml per menstrual period (1ml=1gm)
■ Saturated napkin for 1 hour – heavy bleeding
41
This is characterized to be the first menstruation, which occurs on average of 11 to 14 years old (as early as 8 and as late as 17).
Menarche
42
This defined as pain during the menstrual cycle. The pain is usually located in the lower abdomen and may radiate to the inner thighs and back. This is known to be related to prostaglandin.
Dysmenorrhea
43
This is defined as the bleeding in between menstruation. The possible causal elements of this are underlying problems in the reproductive system along with an abnormal growth of tissues in the uterus.
Metrorrhagia (>300-500 mL of blood)
44
This is defined as the excessiveness of heavy bleeding which can be a causal element of anemia. It can be related to a number of conditions. These include problems with the uterus, hormone problems, or other conditions.
Menorrhagia
45
This is defined as the absence of menstruation.
Amenorrhea
46
This is defined as the cessation of menstruation. The average age of this phenomenon is 51 years old. he years leading up to that point, when women may have changes in their monthly cycles, hot flashes, or other symptoms, are called the menopausal transition or perimenopause.
Menopause
47
This hormone is known as the hormone of women.
Estrogen (Levels of estrogen decrease during menstruation)
48
What are the primary functions of estrogen?
(1) Development of secondary sex characteristics in female
(2) Inhibits the production of Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH
(3) Responsible for hypertrophy of myometrium
(4) Produces cyclic changes in the uterine endothelium and vaginal epithelium
(5) Responsible for the increased osteoblastic activity of long bones causing an increase in height
(6) Responsible for Spinnbarkeit and Ferning (Cervical Mucus or Billing’s Method)
(7) Responsible for the development of ductile structure of the breast
(8) Responsible for early closure of epiphysis of long bones
(9) Responsible for increased sexual desire in female
(10) Responsible for increased vaginal lubrication
(11) Responsible for sodium retention therefore causing weight gain
49
This hormone is counteracted by estrogen and is characterized to be released by the pituitary gland for forced maturity of the ova.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
50
These are defined to be secreted in both sexes by the adrenal cortex. In women, these are secreted primarily by the ovary (main source) and the placenta.
Steroids
51
What are the main effects that occur at puberty?
(1) Breast growth
(2) Fat deposition in the vulva
(3) Bony pelvis growth and broadening
(4) Vaginal epithelial changes
(5) General growth
52
This is characterized as the clear, slippery texture of an uncooked egg white, which is typical and comparable that of cervical mucus during ovulation.
Spinnbarkeit (Cervical Mucus Method)
53
This is defined as a test for the presences of estrogen in the cervical mucus. Under this, estrogen is known to cause the cervical mucus to dry on a slide in a fern like pattern.
Ferning Method
54
This is a method of estimating ovulation time by changes in the in the mucus of the cervix that occurs during the menstrual cycle.
Billing Method
55
What is responsible for the lubrication in the male and female reproductive systems?
(1) In female, estrogen and Bartholin’s gland
(2) In male, prostate gland
56
This hormone is a steroid hormone that is usually known as the hormone of the mother or the hormone of pregnancy. This is used to promote the development of the placenta and mammary glands, and is responsible for the increased basal body temperature and mood swings of the woman.
Progestin or Progesterone
57
What is the primary function of Progestin or Progesterone?
Prepares the endometrium for the implantation of fertilized ovum
58
What is the secondary function of Progestin or Progesterone?
(A) Inhibits uterine contractility
(1) Once levels of progestin is decreased, we supplement more of the hormone to prevent miscarriage. Thus, estrogen is decreased during pregnancy because it allows uterine contractility.
(B)Inhibits production of Luteinizing Hormone
(1) That’s why we don't menstruate during pregnancy
(C) Decreased GIT mobility leading to constipation
59
Under the physiology of menstruation, this is known to initiate menstruation by releasing Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Luteinizing Hormone Releasing hormone).
Hypothalamus
60
Under the physiology of menstruation, this is known as the master clock and is responsible for releasing Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH and Luteinizing Hormone or LH.
Pituitary Gland
61
Under the physiology of menstruation, this hormone is released by the pituitary gland and is known to be responsible for ovum maturation.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH
62
Under the physiology of menstruation, this hormone is released by the pituitary gland and is known to be involved in ovulation and the growth of the uterine lining.
Luteinizing Hormone or LH.
63
This contains the primordial cell that is activated by Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH to begin to grow and mature. Under this, the Luteinizing Hormone and Prostaglandin cause the graafian follicle to rupture and
ovum is set free from the surface of ovary.
Ovaries
64
This internal reproductive female organ is known as the opening after the vagina during contractions.
Cervix
65
This internal reproductive female organ is known as the implantation site and is also characterized to accommodate the fetus for nine (9) months.
Uterus
66
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle and how long do they last?
(1) Proliferative Phase (6 to 14 days)
(2) Secretory Phase (15 to 21 days)
(3) Ischemic Phase (22 to 28 days)
(4) Menses (1 to 5 days)
67
This phase of the menstrual cycle happens immediately after menstrual flow. Under this phenomenon, the endometrium is approximately one cell layer in depth; and there is a gradual increase in estrogen along with a rapid proliferation of endometrium to eight-fold.
Proliferative Phase (6 to 14 days)
68
This phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation. Under this phenomenon, the endometrium becomes corkscrew-like or twisted in appearance and dilated with glycogen and mucin. There is also the thickening of the uterine lining as means of preparing the site for implantation.
Secretory Phase (15 to 21 days)
69
What increases in the Secretory Phase?
(1) Increase amount of capillaries that causes rich, spongy, velvet appearance of the lining
(2) Increase in progesterone and corpus luteum
70
This phase of the menstrual cycle occurs when the corpus luteum begins to regress after eight to ten days. Under this phenomenon, these is also a decrease in the production of estrogen and progesterone and a degeneration of uterine lining due to the decrease of hormones.
Ischemic Phase (22 to 28 days) - also known as premenstrual phase.
71
What else happens in the Ischemic Phase (22 to 28 days)?
(1) The capillaries rupture with minute hemorrhage.
(2) Endothelium sloughs off.
72
This phase of the menstrual cycle the blood, mucin, endometrial tissues, and microscopic, unfertilized ovum are discharged from the uterus. This is also characterized as the only external marker of the menstrual cycle.
Menses (1 to 5 days)
73
Which hormones are known to regulate pregnancy?
(1) Estrogen
(2) Progesterone
(3) Relaxin- softens the pelvic bone
(4) Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS)
74
This phenomenon happens when there are meetups of the egg and the sperm cell. This is also known as the union of an ovum and spermatozoan.
Conception (fertilization or impregnation)
75
Where does the phenomenon of conception (fertilization or impregnation) take place in the internal reproductive system of the woman?
It takes place at the ampulla of the fallopian tube (outer third).
76
This is defined as the contact between the growing structure and uterine endometrium. This is characterized to occur eight to ten days after fertilization.
Implantation
77
Under the pre-embryonic stage in the process of human conception, this is known as the fertilized ovum. This is also characterized to travel 3 to 4 days to reach the uterus while mitotic cell division and sex differentiation begins.
Zygote
78
Under the pre-embryonic stage in the process of human conception, how many chromosomes are posed during fertilization?
46 chromosomes
79
Under the pre-embryonic stage in the process of human conception, how many chromosomes are entailed for determining the trait of an individual?
23 pairs of chromosomes
80
Under the pre-embryonic stage in the process of human conception, how many chromosomes are entailed for determining the sex of an individual?
1 pair of sex chromosome
81
Under the pre-embryonic stage in the process of human conception, this is known as mulberry-like ball containing 16 to 50 cells; as it reaches the uterus it continues to float and multiply for 4 days.
Morula
82
Under the pre-embryonic stage in the process of human conception, this is known as an enlarging cell that forms a cavity, which later becomes the embryo.
Blastocyst
83
Under the pre-embryonic stage in the process of human conception, this is known as the covering of the blastocyst, which will later become placenta and membrane.
Trophoblast
84
How long does implantation or nidation occur and where does it occur in the internal reproductive system of the woman?
(1) Duration: Occurs 7 to 10 days after fertilization.
(2) Site: Upper anterior or posterior of the uterus
85
What are the three (3) processes of implantation?
(1) Apposition
(2) Adhesion
(3) Invasion
86
This process of implantation transpires when the blastocyst begins to brush to the endometrial lining.
Apposition
87
This process of implantation transpires when the blastocyst begins to attach to the endometrial lining.
Adhesion
88
This process of implantation transpires when the blastocysts begins to settle down at the endometrial lining.
Invasion
89
Under the embryonic stage in the process of human conception, this is known as the uterine lining during pregnancy. This is also characterized as the maternal part of the placenta and is supported by the progesterone.
Decidua
90
Under the pre-embryonic stage in the process of human conception, these are characterized as the probing fingers.
Chorionic Villi
91
Under the pre-embryonic stage in the process of human conception, this serves as a fetal lung, kidneys, and GIT. This is also characterized to have circulatory and endocrine functions and it also provides oxygenation for survival.
Placenta
92
Where is the word "decidua" derived from?
Decidua is known as thickened endometrium that is derived from the Greek word that means "falling off"
93
What are the parts of the decidua?
(1) Basalis
(2) Capsularis
(3) Vera
94
This part of the decidua during the embryonic stage is located directly under the fetus where the placenta is developed primarily.
Basalis
95
This part of the decidua during the embryonic stage is known as the part of the endometrium that encapsulates the fetus.
Capsularis
96
This part of the decidua during the embryonic stage is known as the remaining portion of the endometrium.
Vera
97
What are the disparate stages of fetal growth and development?
(1) Zygote
(2) Blastomere
(3) Morula
(4) Blastocyst
(5) Embryo
(6) Fetus
98
Under the terminologies related to the stages of fetal growth and development, this pertains to all the products of conception.
Conceptus
99
Under the terminologies related to the stages of fetal growth and development, these are characterized as finger-like projections that develop by 10th to 11th day of pregnancy.
Chorionic Villi
100
Under the terminologies related to the stages of fetal growth and development, this is known as the Langhans layer, which is the outer layer that protects the fetus against syphilis and is capable of living until 24 weeks or 6 months.
Cytotrophoblast
101
Under the terminologies related to the stages of fetal growth and development, this is known as the inner layer, which is responsible for production of hormones.
Syncytiotrophoblast
102
Under the terminologies related to the stages of fetal growth and development, this is characterized to be found in maternal blood and urine as early as the first missed menstrual period.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
103
Under the terminologies related to the stages of fetal growth and development, this is known to promote mammary gland growth and regulation of maternal glucose, protein and fats.
Human Placental Lactogen
104
Under the terminologies related to the stages of fetal growth and development, this is characterized to function as circulatory pathway that connects the embryo to the chorionic villi of the placenta.
Umbilical Cord
105
Under the terminologies related to the stages of fetal growth and development, this is known to serve as a protective mechanism for the fetus against variables like pressure and temperature.
Amniotic Fluid
106
Under the terminologies related to the stages of fetal growth and development, this is known to aid the muscular development of the fetus as well as protecting the umbilical cord from pressure.
Amniotic Membrane
107
This layer of the amniotic membrane is characterized to be the innermost membrane and is comprised of two arteries and a vein which is protected by the Wharton Jelly.
Amnion (where the umbilical cord amnion and the umbilical cord are developed)
108
Explain the relationship of the amnion and the umbilical cord.
Umbilical cord or “funis” in the amnion is characterized to be 50 to 55 centimeters or 20 to 1 inches of whitish gray cord, which joins fetus to placenta.
109
This phenomenon can lead to the abruption of placenta and the inversion of the uterus.
Short Cord
110
This phenomenon is delineated to lead to cord coil or also known as cord prolapse.
Long Cord
111
This layer of the amniotic membrane is characterized be a clear with a must or mousy odor and crystallized Ferning pattern which is slightly alkaline in pH.
Amniotic Fluid or Bag of Water
112
What is the normal amount of Amniotic Fluid or Bag of Water?
500 to 1000 cc
113
This is defined as an amniotic fluid disorder resulting in decreased amniotic fluid volume for gestational age.
Oligohydramnios: less than 500cc
114
This is defined as an increase in the amniotic fluid in pregnancy and is associated with increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Polyhydramnios: More than 1500cc
115
What are the pivotal functions of the amniotic fluid?
(1) Cushions the fetus against sudden trauma and blows
(2) Maintains the temperature
(3) Facilitates musculoskeletal development and symmetrical growth
(4) Prevents cord compression
(5) Helps in delivery process
116
What are the diagnostic tests for the amniotic fluid?
(1) Amniocentesis
(2) Amnioscopy
(3) Fern test
(4) Nitrazine Paper Test
(5) Determination of fetal maturity
(6) Surfactant
117
This type of diagnostic test for amniotic fluid entails the act of obtaining a sample of amniotic fluid by inserting needle through the abdomen into the amniotic sac. Under this, results may determine the fetal lung maturity and genetic abnormality.
Amniocentesis
118
This type of diagnostic test for amniotic fluid under Amniocentesis is used to determine genetic abnormalities.
Genetic Screening
119
What does the Maternal Serum Alpha - Feto Protein Test for amniotic fluid indicate when it increases?
If increased may indicate spina bifida or open neural tube defects.
120
What does the Maternal Serum Alpha-Feto Protein Test for amniotic fluid indicate when it decreases?
If decreased may indicate down syndrome.
121
This type of diagnostic test for amniotic fluid is characterized to be a direct visualization through an intact fetal membrane.
Amnioscopy
122
This type of diagnostic test for amniotic fluid is characterized to determine if the Bag of Water (BAW) as ruptured or not,
Fern Test
123
This type of diagnostic test for amniotic fluid is utilized to differentiate urine (acidic:yellow) from amniotic fluid (alkaline: blue green or blue gray).
Nitrazine Paper Test
124
This type of diagnostic test for amniotic fluid is executed by evaluating factors if they are indicative of lung maturity.
Determination of Fetal Maturity
124
This type of diagnostic test for amniotic utilizes a protein component of the lung enzyme that the alveoli forms. Under this, separate membranes of the lungs then allow expansion for breathing of fetus.
Surfactant
125
This layer of the amniotic membrane is known as the outermost membrane. This is where the placenta is developed.
Chorlon
126
Where is the word placenta drawn from?
The word placenta is drawn from the Greek word Secundinas, which means “pancake” that is a combination of chorionic villi and decidua basalis.
127
How much does the placenta weigh?
(1) Weight - 500g to 1000g
(2) Size - 1 inch thick and 8 inches diameter
128
What is a cotyledon?
On maternal surface, number of cotyledons varied between 15 to 28. Maximum number of cotyledons was 30 and minimum was 6 with mean of 15.81.
129
What is the salient relationship between the placenta and the respiratory system?
The exchange of O2 and CO2 through simple diffusion (from greater to lower concentration).
130
What is the salient relationship between the placenta and the gastrointestinal system?
Transporting nutrients through:
(A) Facilitated Diffusion (for glucose transport (from greater to lower concentration but a more rapid rate)
(B) Active Transport for amino acids
131
What is the salient relationship between the placenta and the excretory system?
The waste secretions pass through the arteries and then the mother’s liver detoxifies the waste products of the baby.
132
What is the salient relationship between the placenta and the circulatory system?
The two arteries carry deoxygenated blood and a vein carries the oxygenated blood. Apart from that the fetoplacental circulation occurs through selective osmosis.
133
This is a hormone secreted by the endocrine system which is characterized to be produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblast.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
134
What are the primary and secondary functions of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)?
(A) Primary function: It maintains corpus luteum during the 1st trimester.
(B) Secondary function: It is characterized as teh basis of pregnancy.
135
This is known to be responsible for the development of the mammary glands.
Human Placental lactogen (HPL)
136
This hormone secreted by the endocrine system is characterized to be salient in softening the bones and joints.
Relaxin
137
This hormone secreted by the endocrine system is formed in the ovary. This is characterized to act on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for fertilization, implantation and nutrition of the early embryo.
Estrogen
138
This hormone secreted by the endocrine system is known to prepare the lining (endometrium) of the uterus to receive and sustain the fertilized egg and so permits pregnancy. It also serves as a protective barrier against some microorganisms.
Progesterone
139
The Fetal cardiovascular system begins to develop at the _____________.
At the end of the 3rd week. At the 4th month-, the heart then starts to beat.
140
Enumerate the path of fetal circulation.
(A) Umbilical Vein
(B) Ductus venosus
(C) Inferior vena cava
(D) Right Atrium
(E) Foramen Ovale
(F) Left Atrium
(G) Ductus Arteriosus
(H) Aorta
(I) Umbilical Arteries
141
When is the critical period of heart development?
From day 20 to da 50 after fertilization.
142
Under the process of fetal circulation. this is characterized to be attached to the uterus. This is also known to be responsible for gas exchange during fetal life.
Placenta
143
Under the process of fetal circulation, this is known to connect the left and right atrium so that blood can be supplied to the brain, heart and kidney, bypassing the fetal's lungs.
Foramen Ovale
144
Under the process of fetal circulation, this is known to bring oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to the heart and the liver. It also becomes a ligamentum teres after birth.
Umbilical Vein (1)
145
Under the process of fetal circulation, this is known to carry non-oxygenated blood from the fetus (descending aorta) to the placenta. It also becomes an umbilical ligaments after birth.
Umbilical Arteries (2)
146
Under the process of fetal circulation, this is known to carry oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the fetal liver. It also becomes a ligamentum venosum after birth.
Ductus Venosus
147
Under the process of fetal circulation, this is known to carry oxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the fetal lungs. It also becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after birth.
Ductus Arteriosus
148
What are the primary germ layers?
(1) Endoderm
(2) Mesoderm
(3) Ectoderm
149
What constitutes the endoderm?
(1) Thyroid: For basal metabolism
(2) Parathyroid: For calcium metabolism
(3) Liver
(4) Linings of the upper respiratory tracts and GIT
(5) Thymus: For development of immunity
150
What constitutes the mesoderm?
(1) Heart
(2) Musculoskeletal system
(3) Reproductive organs
(4) Kidneys
151
What constitutes the ectoderm?
(1) Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord
(2) The five senses
(3) Skin, hair and nails
(4) Mucus membrane of the anus and mouth
152
This is first defined as the innermost germ layer found in all metazoan embryos. During development, it gives rise to a vast array of specialized epithelial cell types lining the respiratory and digestive systems, and contributes to associated organs such as thyroid, thymus, lungs, liver, and pancreas.
Endoderm
153
This is defined as the middle developmental layer between the ectoderm and endoderm, which gives rise to the skeleton, muscle, heart and bones.
Mesoderm
154
This is defined as the outermost of the three germ layers, or masses of cells, which appears early in the development of an animal embryo.
Ectoderm
155
What are the presumptive signs of pregnancy (subjective)? - These signs are at least the least indicative of pregnancy, they could easily indicate other conditions.
Signs lead a woman to believe that she is pregnant:
(A) Amenorrhea
(B) Breast changes and tingling sensation
(C) Chloasma and linea nigra
(D) Melasma
(E) Abdominal enlargement & striae gravidarum
(F) Nausea & vomiting
(G) Frequent urination
(H) Fatigue
(I) Quickening (sensation of fetal movement in the abdomen, firstly felt by the patient at approx. 16 to 20 weeks.)
156
What are probable signs of pregnancy (objective)?
More reliable than the presumptive signs, but they are not positive of true diagnostic findings:
(A) Hegar's sign
(B) Chadwick's sign
(C) Goodell's sign
(D) Ballotement
(E) Positive pregnancy test
(F) Braxton Hicks Contractions
157
Under the probable or objective signs of pregnancy, this is defined as the softening of the lower uterine segment.
Hegar's sign
158
Under the probable or objective signs of pregnancy, this is defined as the color changes of the vagina from pink to violet.
Chadwick's signs
159
Under the probable or objective signs of pregnancy, this is defined as the softening of the cervix, uterus, and the vagina during pregnancy (4 to 6 weeks).
Goodell's signs
160
Under the probable or objective signs of pregnancy, this is defined as the drooping and rebounding of the fetus in its surrounding amniotic fluid in response to the sudden tap on the uterus.
Ballottement
161
Under the probable or objective signs of pregnancy, this is defined as the test that indicates positive. However, a positive result may not be indicative of pregnancy (H.mole).
Positive pregnancy test
162
Under the probable or objective signs of pregnancy, this is characterized to be more frequently felt by the mother after 28 weeks, these also usually disappear with walking or exercise.
Braxton Hicks Contractions
163
What are the positive signs of pregnancy?
(A) Fetal heart tone can be detected as early as 9 to 10 weeks from last menstrual period by doppler technology.
(B) Fetal Movement felt by the examiner after about 20 weeks gestation.
(C) Visualization of the fetus by the ultrasound.
