Module 10: Care of Family with a Toddler Flashcards
What describes toddlers’ behavior during their “intense exploration of environment”?
Toddlers are curious and eager to explore their surroundings as part of their development.
This is a way for toddlers to assert their independence and test boundaries.
The word “no” represents negativism
What are the struggles toddlers face in “toilet training, limit setting, and sibling rivalry”?
Toddlers often experience frustration while learning new skills, adapting to rules, and sharing attention with siblings.
Why is this stage known as the “terrible twos”?
This stage is characterized by frequent temper tantrums, defiance, and challenges in managing emotions.
What are toddlers known for during the “terrible twos”?
Toddlers are known for temper tantrums as they navigate their emotions and desires.
What drives toddlers to “insist to risk to check things, eat foods”?
Toddlers are naturally curious and want to explore and try new experiences, even if they involve risks.
What is the average weight of a 2-year-old?
12 kg, with body weight quadrupled by 2 years old.
What is the average yearly weight gain for toddlers?
1.8–2.7 kg per year.
How much does a toddler’s height typically increase per year?
Height slows to an average increase of 7.3 cm or 3 inches per year.
What contributes more to a toddler’s height increase, legs or trunks?
Elongation of the legs rather than the trunks.
What is the average height of a 2-year-old?
86.6 cm (34 inches).
How much does the head circumference (HC) increase during the second year?
Total increase is 2.5 cm (1 inch).
When do fontanelles typically close?
Between 12 and 18 months of age.
How does chest circumference (CC) change during this period?
CC continues to increase and exceeds HC during this period.
By what age are head circumference (HC) and chest circumference (CC) equal?
By 1–2 years of age.
How do a toddler’s senses change as they grow?
Senses become increasingly developed, and toddlers love to explore their environment.
What aspect of vision is fully developed in toddlers?
Full binocular vision is well-developed in toddlers.
What preferences do toddlers show in terms of taste and texture?
Toddlers often have specific preferences for certain tastes and textures.
This is important as it helps toddlers connect with and explore their surroundings.
TOUCH
How can a toddler’s senses be engaged?
Their senses can be stimulated through varied experiences and environments.
How does a toddler’s respiration pattern typically develop?
Respiration continues to be abdominal in toddlers.
Why are toddlers prone to ear and throat problems?
The internal structures of the ear and throat remain short and straight, making them susceptible to otitis media, tonsillitis, and URTIs.
How do respiratory rate (RR), heart rate, and blood pressure (BP) change in toddlers?
RR and heart rate slow down, while BP increases.
How developed is a toddler’s digestive system?
It is fairly complete, with increased stomach capacity allowing for three small meals a day.
At what age do toddlers typically gain voluntary control of elimination?
Toddlers usually gain control of the sphincters between 18 and 24 months.
How does a toddler’s bladder capacity change?
Bladder capacity increases, allowing them to retain urine for up to 2 hours by 14–18 months.
How do the epidermis and dermis develop in toddlers?
They become more tightly bound, providing resistance to infection and a more effective barrier against fluid loss.
What mechanism helps toddlers produce heat?
Shivering, an involuntary act, helps generate heat.
What skill related to body temperature does a toddler develop?
They learn mechanisms to control their body temperature.
What happens to passive immunity from the mother during toddlerhood?
Passive immunity disappears during this period.
When does IgG reach adult levels in toddlers?
By the second year of life.
What is the role of IgM in toddlers?
It aids in immunization and combats serious infections.
What is a significant gross motor milestone at 12–13 months?
Walking alone.
What gross motor skill does a toddler attempt at 18 months?
They try to run but often fall easily.
What gross motor skills are achieved by the end of 2 years?
Standing on one foot, walking tiptoe, and climbing stairs with alternating feet.
At what age can toddlers jump using both feet?
By 2 ½ years old.
What stair-related milestone do toddlers reach by age 2–3 years?
Walking up and down stairs independently.
What fine motor skill do toddlers develop at 9-10 months?
The pincer grasp.
What fine motor skill do toddlers develop by 12 months?
They can grasp very small objects.
What fine motor skills are achieved by 15 months?
Dropping a pellet into a narrow-necked bottle, casting or throwing objects, and retrieving them. They also begin to scribble spontaneously.
What fine motor skills can toddlers do at 18 months?
Throw a ball overhand without losing balance and build a tower of three or four blocks.
What fine motor milestones are reached at 24 months?
Building a tower of six or seven blocks and imitating a circular stroke and a vertical line.
How many blocks can toddlers stack by 30 months?
They can stack eight or more blocks.
What psychosocial milestone do toddlers reach?
They begin to explore the world, learning that they can control their actions and influence their environment. This is known as the “me do it” stage.
How do toddlers begin to show preferences during psychosocial development?
They start to show clear likes and dislikes, asserting their individuality.
What cognitive stage is a toddler in according to Piaget’s theory from 13-24 months?
Sensorimotor Phase.
What cognitive stage is a toddler in from 2-4 years of age according to Piaget’s theory?
Preoperational Stage.
When does a child develop a sense of maleness or femaleness?
By age 24 months.
How should parents approach masturbation in toddlers?
Masturbation should be accepted rather than criticized, with guidance to teach the child to do it in a more acceptable and private manner.
This is the child’s emergence from a symbiotic fusion with the mother.
Separation
This marks the child’s assumption of individual characteristics in their environment.
Individuation
What social milestones are achieved during toddlerhood?
Increased understanding of object permanence, some ability to withstand delayed gratification, and tolerance for moderate frustrations. Toddlers also show less fear of strangers, but only when their parents are present.
What type of sentences do toddlers use at 1 year old?
They use one-word sentences or holophrases.
What language milestone is typical for toddlers at 2 years old?
They use two to three-word sentences.
What language skills are toddlers typically able to demonstrate by 30 months?
They continue to expand their vocabulary and sentence structure, though specific milestones may vary.
What cognitive milestone do toddlers reach by 30 months?
They know their own name.
What is the recommended screen time for children under 18 months?
Screen media, other than video-chatting, is discouraged for children under 18 months.
What is the screen time recommendation for toddlers between 18-24 months?
Digital media can be viewed with an adult.
What language milestone is typical for a 3-year-old?
They learn five or six new words daily and use simple sentences.
This play is where toddlers play alongside other children but not directly with them.
PARALLEL PLAY
What are the benefits of play for toddlers?
Play helps engage in fantasy, increases locomotion, enhances emerging linguistic abilities, and supports exploration.
What is a common characteristic of toddlers during temper tantrums?
They may yell, scream, and fling items.
These type of children typically respond well to mild forms of discipline.
EASY CHILDREN
These type of children may need more structured types of discipline.
DIFFICULT CHILDREN
What should parents do during a toddler’s tantrum?
Ignore the child during the tantrum, then praise them if they stop crying or throwing tantrums, and always set and enforce consistent limits.
How does small versus excessive stress affect children?
Small amounts of stress help children develop effective coping skills, while excessive stress can lead to destructive behaviors.
What are some common sources of stress for toddlers?
Birth of a sibling, alternative caregiving arrangements, parental divorce, illness, and other changes.
What are some signs of excessive stress in toddlers?
Sucking, aggressive behavior, and biting.
This is the best approach. If stress occurs, increase rest periods, prepare the child for upcoming changes, and promote unsupervised play, relaxation, and imagery.
PREVENTION
At what age do children typically become picky eaters?
Around toddler age.
What factors influence a toddler’s food preferences?
Family members, the appearance and smell of food, and serving size.
What types of food do toddlers prefer?
Finger foods with different colors and shapes.
When is it appropriate to introduce toilet training to a toddler?
Earlier than 30 months, but the child’s readiness is more important.
What are signs of a toddler’s readiness for toilet training?
Being aware of the urge to void or have a bowel movement, showing interest in using the toilet, and being dry for at least 2 hours during the day.
What is the goal of safety promotion in toddlers?
To prevent injuries and promote safety, especially in common risk areas.
What type of injury is common in toddlers related to motor vehicles?
Motor vehicle injuries.
What is an important safety measure to prevent motor vehicle injuries in toddlers?
Using appropriate car restraints.
What is a common cause of drowning in toddlers?
Drowning commonly occurs in the bathtub or large buckets of water.
Why are toddlers at an increased risk of drowning?
Due to their well-developed locomotion skills, toddlers can reach potentially dangerous areas with water.
What makes burns a risk for toddlers?
The toddler’s ability to climb, stretch, and reach objects above their head makes any hot surface a potential source of danger.
What are common sources of burns in toddlers?
Sources of heat like radiators and stoves, hot objects like candles and cigarettes, as well as electrical burns and scald burns.
What causes accidental poisoning in toddlers?
Toddlers’ innate curiosity and ability to open “childproof” containers increase the risk of poisoning.
What activities make falls a common injury for toddlers?
The climbing and running activities typical of toddlers increase the risk of falls.
This can occur from small objects like colored beads and pellets, or large, hard foods like whole hotdogs, nuts, and dried beans.
ASPIRATION
What safety concerns should parents be aware of to prevent aspiration and suffocation?
Be cautious with old furniture/appliances and doors that can pose risks.
This can occur from sharp objects, dangerous garden or workshop equipment, and pets.
BODILY HARM
What is a common cause of bodily harm in toddlers, and how can it be prevented?
Prevention includes avoiding walking with sharp objects, properly storing dangerous tools, and teaching pet safety.
How does toddler nutrition change between 12-18 months?
Growth slows down, reducing the need for calories, protein, and fluids. However, muscle tissue growth and high activity levels still require significant protein and energy.
What should parents consider when dealing with picky eaters during toddlerhood?
Be cautious with picky eaters, ensuring they get the necessary nutrients despite limited food preferences.
This refers to the need for toddlers to engage in repetitive, structured behaviors and routines, which provide a sense of security.
RITUALISM
How much sleep does a typical toddler need, and what is a common sleep issue?
A typical toddler needs 11-12 hours of sleep, with one nap. They can be reluctant to sleep at times.
