Module 1 Flashcards by Genna Klassen

ab-

away from

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ad-

toward or in the direction of

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dys-

difficulty, bad, painful

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endo-

within

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eu-

good, normal

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hyper-

excessive or increased

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hypo-

deficient or decreased

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inter-

between or among

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intra-

within or inside

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neo-

new

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peri-

surrounding

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post-

after

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pre-

before

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sub-

under, less of below

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super-

above

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supra-

excessive

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abdomin/o

abdomen

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angi/o

blood vessel

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append/o

appendix

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appendic/o

appendix

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arteri/o

artery

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arthr/o

joint

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ather/o

fatty substance or plaque

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cardi/o

heart

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col/o

colon

chondr/o

cartilage

crani/o

skull

cyan/o

blue

enter/o

small intestine

erthr/o

red

gastr/o

stomach

geront/o

old age

hepat/o

liver

hem/o

blood

laryng/o

throat, larynx

leuk/o

white

melan/o

black

my/o

muscle

myc/o

fungus

myel/o

bone marrow or spinal cord

nat/o

birth

nephr/o

kidney

neur/o

nerve

ot/o

ear

poli/o

gray

py/o

pus

pyel/o

renal pelvis

pyr/o

fever (fire)

rhin/o

nose

tonsill/o

tonsils

-ac

pertaining to

-al

pertaining to

-algia

pain

-centesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid

-cyte

cell

-derma

skin

-dia

through

-dynia

pain

-ectomy

surgical removal

-graphy

producing a picture or record

-gram

a picture or record

-ic

pertaining to

-itits

inflammation

-osis

conditions

-malacia

abnormal softening

-megaly

enlargement

-necrosis

tissue death

-ologist

specialist

-ology

study of

-oma

tumor

-ostomy

surgically creating an artificial opening

-otomy

cutting into or surgical incision

-pathy

disease

-plasty

surgical repair

-rrhage

bleeding or excessive flow

-rrhagia

bleeding or exessive flow

-rrhexis

rupture

-sclerosis

abnormal hardening

-scopy

visual examination

-stenosis

abnormal narrowing

-rrhaphy

surgical suturing

-osis

abnormal condition

-rrhea

flow or discharge

dextr/o

right side

sinistr/o

left side

ex-

out of, outside, away from

in-

in, into, not, without

mega, megal/o

large, great

olig/o

scanty, few

A blue discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood

cyanosis

A mature red blood cell

erythrocyte

white blood cell

leukocyte

any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in body tissues or organs

melanosis

viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord

poliomyelitis

inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

gastroenteritis

surgical repair of a nerve

neuroplasty

suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

neurorrhaphy

inflammation of the tonsils

tonsillitis

surgical removal of the tonsils

tonsillectomy

portion of the skull that encloses the brain

cranium

pertaining to the heart

cardiac

any disease of the stomach

gastrosis

study of all aspects of diseases

pathology

pain in the stomach

gastrodynia

enlargement of the liver

hepatomegaly

softening of arteries

arteriomalacia

tissue death of the arteries

arterionecrosis

hardening of the walls of the arteries

arteriosclerosis

abnormal narrowing of the arteries

arteriostenosis

puncture to remove fluid from the abdomin

abdominocentesis

surgical repair of a muscle

myoplasty

visual examination of joint structure

arthroscopy

loss of a large amount of blood

hemorrhage

surgical suturing of a muscle wound

myorrhaphy

rupture of a muscle

myorrhexis

normal or easy breathing

eupnea

below the ribs

subcostal

above or outside the ribs

supracostal

study of the ears nose and throat

otorhinolaryngology

lithotomy

examination position

inflammation of the appendix

appendicitis

bones of the fingers or toes

phalanges

pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery

endarterial

fatty deposit within the wall of an artery

atheroma

pain in joints

arthralgia

creation of an artificial opening between the colon and the body surface

colostomy

surgical incision into the colon

colotomy

sign

objective evidence of disease

symptom

subjective evidence only measurable by the patient

syndrome

a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process

diagnosis

identification of a disease DX

prognosis

a prediction of the probably course of a disease

acute

condition that has a rapid onset, severe, short

chronic

long duration, rarely cured

eponym

anything named after the person who discovered or described it.

fistula

abnormal passage, usually two internal organs or to the surface of the body

ileum

last part of the small intestine

ilium

part of the hip bone

infection

invasion by a pathogen

malaise

a general feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often the first indication of disease

exudate

fluid, pus

inflammation

erythema, hyperthermia, edema (swelling), pain

laceration

torn or jagged wound

lesion

pathologic change of the tissues

mucous

specialized membranes that line the body cavities (adj)

mucus

secreted by mucous membranes (noun)

any disease caused by fungus

mycosis

any disease in the spinal cord

myelopathy

palpation

technique where examiners hands are used

pus forming skin infection

pyoderma

heartburn

pyrosis

supination

rotating the arm so the palm of the hand is forward or upward

suppuration

formation of pus

virile

having properties of an adult male

adenéo

gland

adip/o

fat

anter/o

before, front

caud/o

lower part of the body

cephal/o

head

cyt/o, cyte

cell

end-

inside

exo-

outside

hist/o, histi/o

tissue

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

growth, formation

poster/o

behind, towards back

-stasis, -static

control, maintenance of a constant level

anatomy

study of the stuctures of the body

physiology

study of the functions of the structures of the body

anatomic position

body standing in the standard position, facing forward, arms to the side, palms facing front

body planes

divide the body into sections

vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

midsagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterio

frontal plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior positions

transverse plane

front side, forward

ventral, anterior

back side, towards the back

dorsal, posterior

upper, towards the head

superior, cephalic

lowermost, towards the tail

inferior, caudal

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

proximal

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

distal

the direction towards the midline

medial

the direction away from the midline

lateral

dorsal cavity

located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system

cranial cavity

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

spinal cavity

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects spinal cord

ventral cavity

located along the front of the body, contains organs that sustain homeostasis. includes the thoracic abdominal and pelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

surrounds the heart and lungs

abdominal cavity

major organs of digestion

pelvic cavity

reproductive and excretory systems

joint term for the abdominal and pelvic cavities

abdominopelvic cavity

inguinal

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen

Label the regions of the thorax and abdomen

right hypochondriac region, epigastic region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

Label the quadrants of the abdomen

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

peritoneum

multilayered membrane that protects and holds organs in place in the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

mesentary

fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum.

cystic fibrosis

genetic, affects respiratory and digestive systems

hemophilia

hereditary bleeding disorders

huntington's disease

degenerative hereditary nerve disease

muscular dystrophy

group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakening of the skeletal muscles

phenylketonuria

genetic disorder, certain digestive enzyme missing

Tay-Sachs disease

fatal genetic disorder, fatty tissues build up

histology

study of tissues

epithelium

epithelial tissue that is on the outside

endothelium

epitelial tissues line most internal organs

connective tissues

support and connect organs

dense connective tissue

bone and cartilage

adipose tissue

fat

loose connective tissue

surrounds organs, supports nerve and blood vessles

liquid connective tissue

blood and lymph

aplasia

defective development or absence of organ or tissue

hypoplasia

incomplete development of tissue or organ usually due to a lack of cells

anaplasia

change of structure and orientation of cells, usually caner

dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells

hyperplasia

enlargement of an organ or tissue due to more cells

hypertrophy

general increase in the bulk of the body due to increase in size of cells but not number

exocrine glands

ducts, secrete things

endocrine glands

ductless, create hormones

adenitis

inflammation of a glands

adenocarcinoma

malignant tumour originating in a gland

adenoma

benign tumour originating in a gland

adenomalacia

softening of gland

adenosclerosis

hardening of gland

etiology

study of the causes of diseases

endemic

ongoing presence of a disease

functional disorder

produces symptoms for which no physical cause can be identified, ex panic attaks

iatrogenic illness

unfavorable response to prescribed medical treatment

idiopathic disorder

illness without a known cause

nosocomical infection

disease acquired in a hospital setting

organic disorder

produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body.

congenital disorder

present at birth

developmental disorder

birth defect, extra toe

atresia

congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular

internist

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating things of the internal organs and body systems.

hospitalist

focuses of patient care in hospital setting

A & P

Anatomy and Physiology

communicable disease

CH, ch

chromosome

epid

epidemic

general practitioner

huntingtons disease

PKU

phenylketonuria

transports blood through the body

cardiovascular system

transports hormones through the blood

endocrine system

breaks down food

digestive system

helps us fight diseases

immune system

provides protection for the body against bacteria

integumentary system

provides support for the body and allows for movement

musculoskeletal system

carries electrical messages to and from the brain

nervous system

allows for breathing

respiratory system

functions to produce new life

reproductive system

helps maintain fluid balance

urinary system

gen/o or gene

producing

-crine

secrete

-plasm

material of cells

burs/o

bursa

cervic/o

neck

chondr/o

cartilage

crani/o

head

ili/o

ilium or hip

hemat/o

blood

lumb/o

lower back

mandibul/o

lower jaw

oste/o

bone

pelv/o

pelvis

pod/o

feet

sacr/o

sacrum

stern/o

chest

synov/o

synovial fluid

synovi/o

synovial fluid

tars/o

tarsal bones in the feet

vertebr/o

vertebra

-poietic

pertaining to formation

ankly/o

crooked, bent, stiff

-desis

bind, tie together

kyph/o

bent, hump

lord/o

curve, swayback, bent

-lysis

loosening r setting free

scoli/o

curved, bent

spondyl/o

vertebrae

process of turning bone into bone

ossification

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

periosteum

dense, hard and very strong bone that forms the protective layer of bones

compact bone

lighter and not as strong as compact bone, found at the ends, contains red marrow

spongy bone

the cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone. Here red and yellow bone marrow are stored.

medullary cavity

the tissue that lines the medullary cavity

endosteum

located within the spongy bone, hemopoietic

red bone marrow

pertaining to the formation of blood

hemopoietic

smooth, rubbery connective tissue that acts a shock absorber between bones and makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton

cartilage

functions as a fat storage area in bones

yellow bone marrow

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. This cartilage makes smooth joint movements possible

articular cartilage

curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee

meniscus

the shaft of long bone

diaphysis

the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs

epiphyses

an opening through which blood vessels etc go in the bone

foramen

normal projection on the surface of a bone that commonly serves as an attachement for a muscle or tendon

process

the union place of one or more bones

joints

inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. In adults these joints do not allow movements. aka sutures

fibrous joints

aka soft spots normally present on skull of a newborn

fontanelles

joints that llow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage.

cartilaginous joints

allows some movement during childbirth. this joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis

pubic symphysis

joint created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions.

synovial joints

the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve that surrounds synovial joints

synovial capsule

lines the synovial capsule and secretes synovial fluid

synovial membrane

flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant

synovial fluid

bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another or to cartilage

ligaments

a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction

bursa

protects the major organs or the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. consists of 80 bones

axial skeleton

makes body movement possible and protects organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction. 126 bones

appendicular skeleton

the portion of the skull that encloses the brain

cranium

the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead.

frontal bone

two of the largest bones in the skull that form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium

parietal bones

forms the back part of the skull

occipital bone

two bones that form the sides and base of the cranium

temporal bones

the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull

external auditory meatus

an irregular wedge shaped bone at the base of the skull. Makes contact with all other cranial bones

sphenoid bone

light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose. separates the nasal cavity from the brain

ethmoid bone

three tiny bones located in each middle ear

auditory ossicles

two bones that make up the upper part of the bridge of the nose

nasal bones

aka cheekbones

zygomatic bones

form the upper jaw

maxillary bones

two bones that form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose

palatine bones

two bones that make up part of the orbit (eye socket) at the inner angle

lacrimal bones

two thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

inferior conchae

forms the base for the nasal septum

vomer bone

aka the jawbone, only movable bone in the skull

mandible

where the mandible is attached to the skull

temporomandibular joint

aka the rib cage

thoracic cavity

aka the breast bone

sternum

the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

manubrium

the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

body of the sternum

the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

xiphoid process

what the shoulders form which supports the arms and hands. aka shoulder girdle

pectoral girdle

aka collar bone, connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

clavicle

aka shoulder blade

scapula

an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

acromion

the bone of the upper arm

humerus

the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. runs up the thumb side of the forearm

radius

the larger and longer bone of the forearm. proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the eelbow joint

ulna

aka funny bone, large projection on the upper end of the ulna. forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles

olecranon process

8 bones that form the wrist

carpals

five bones that form the palm of the hand

metacarpals

14 bones of the fingers

phalanges

protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body. 26 vertebrae

spinal column

the posterior portion of a vertebra

lamina

made of cartilage, seperate and cushion the vertebrae from each other

intervertebral disks

the first set of 7 vertebrae, form the neck

cervical vertebrae

12 vertebrae in the middle, form the outward curve of the spine

thoracic vertebrae

5 vertebrae form the inward curve of the spine. largest and strongest, bear most of the body's weight

lumbar vertebrae

slightly curved, triagular bone ear the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back.

sacrum

aka tailbone

coccyx

protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities, commonly known as the pelvis or hips

pelvic girdle

broad blade shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

ilium

the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

sacroiliac

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting

ischium

the cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones

pubic symphysis

aka hip socket, large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint

acetabulum

largest bones in the body

femurs

aka kneecap

patella

describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located

popliteal

ligaments that make possible the movements of the knee

cruciate ligaments

aka shinbone, larger anterior weight bearing bone of the lower leg

tibia

smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

fibula

joints that connect the lower leg and foot

ankles

7 short bones in the ankles

tarsal bones

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

malleolus

the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

talus

aka heel bone, largest of the tasal bones

calcaneus

5 bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached

metatarsals

bones of the toes

phalanges

doctor that specialized in manipulative treatment of disorders of disorders misalighnment of the spine

chiropractor

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles

orthopedic surgeon

uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation

osteopath

specializes in feet

podiatrist

specializes in arthritis, osteporosis

rheumatologist

loss of absence of mobility in a joint

ankylosis

stiffness of the joints, especially elderly

arthrosclerosis

inflammtion of a bursa

bursitis

softening of cartilage

chondromalacia

benign tumor from cartilage

chondroma

inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

costochondritis

aka bunion, abnormal enlargemnt of the joint at the base of the big toe

Hallux vagus

blood within a joint

hemarthrosis

a geriatric inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness is the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs.

polymyalgia rheumatica

inflammation of the synovial membrane

synovitis

total displacement of a bone from its joint

dislocation

the partial displacement of a bone from its joint

subluxation

wear and tear artritis

osteoarthritis

bone spurs

osteophytes

type of arthritis charachterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints

gouty arthritis

spinal osteoarthritis, degenerative disorder

spondylosis

autoimmune disorder that attacks the joints

rheumatoid arthritis

form of rheumatoid arthritis that causes inflammation in the joints of the vertebrae

ankylosing spondylitis

slipped disk, breaking apart of an intervertebral disk

herniated disk

low back pain

lumbago

forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

spondylolisthesis

congenital defect when the spinal canal fails to close arroundthe spinal cord

spina bifidia

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine

kyphosis

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine, swayback

lordosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

scoliosis

malformation of the skull due to the premature close of the cranial sutures

craniostenosis

bonde disoder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue. leads to deformity

fibrous dysplasia

pain in the bone

ostealgia

inflammation of the bone

osteitis

abnormal softening of the bone in adults

osteomalacia

inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

osteomyelitis

death of bone tissue

osteonecrosis

bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation. New bone is enlarged and filled with few blood vessels

Paget's disease

inflammation of the periosteum

periostitis

deficiency disease occuring in children, defectie bone growth

Rickets

drawfism, failure of bones to grow to appropriate length

short stature

clubfoot, any deformity of the foot involving the talus

talipes

primary bone cancer

starts in bones, rare

secondary bone cancer

metastasizes to the bones

type of cancer that occurs in blood aking cells found in red bone marrow

myeloma

benign bony projection covered in cartilage

osteochondroma

loss of bone density

osteoporosis

tinner than average bone densisty

osteopenia

occurs when bone is compresed on itself, often caused by spontaneous collapse of a weaken vertebrae

compression fracture

fracture that occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands

Colles' fracture

broken hip caused by osteoporosis

osteoporotic hip fracture

complete/simple fracture, no open wound

closed fracture

bone and skin is broken

open fracture

bone is crushed or splintered

comminuted fracture

bone is bent or partially broken, children

greenstick fracture

fracture occurs at an angle across the bone

oblique fracture

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

pathologic fracture

fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

spiral fracture

overuse injury, small crack from chronic excessive impact

stress fracture

fracture occurs straight across the bone

transverse fracture

form whena long bone is fractured and fat cells from the yellow bone marrow are released

fat embolus

the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

crepitation

as a bone heals, this forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break

callus

aka xray

radiograph

visual examination of the interrnal structure of a joint

arthroscopy

diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found ina complete blood count test

bone marrow biopsy

used to image soft tissue structures usuch as the interior of complex joints.

magnetic resonance imaging

used to determine losses or changes in bone density. test used to diagnose osteoporosis

bone density testing

screening test for osteoporosis using sound waves

ultrasonic bone density testing

low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

dual x-ray absorptiometry

bone marow transplant from a compatiable donor

allogenic bone marrow transplant

bone marrow transplant where the donor recieves thier own bone marrow

autologous bone marrow transplant

a mechanical appliance such a s a splint that is designed to compensate for impared limb function

orthotic

a substitute for a missing body part

prosthesis

the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint

arthrodesis

surgical loosening or an ankylosed joint

arthrolysis

minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of a joint

arthroscopic surgery

the surgical repair of damaged cartilage

chondroplasty

the surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint

synovectomy

injections used to add a preparation of stuff into a joint to ease friction

viscosupplementation

surgical placement of an artificial joint

arthroplasty

all parts of the knew=e are replaced

total knee replacement

only part of the knee is relaced

partial knee replacement

performed to restore a damaged hip to full function. head of the femur is replaced with metal

total hip replacement

function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of teh femur

hip resurfacing

the replacement of a worn or fiailed implant

revision surgery

perfomed to treat a herniated disk. A thin tube is inserted thorugh the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured diskt or vaporize it

percutaneous diskectomy

performed to treat osteoporosis related compresion fractures. Bone cement is injected to stabilize the fracture in the spinal column

percutaneous vertroplasty

the surcgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebrae

laminectomy

technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining two or more vertebrae

spinal fusion

the surgical removal of a portion of the skull

craniectomy

surgical incision into the skull

craniotomy

surgical repair of the skull

cranioplasty

surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

osteoclasis

the surgical removal of a bone

ostectomy

surgical repair of a bone

osteoplasty

surgical suturing of bones

osteorrhaphy

surgical cutting of a bone

osteotomy

incision through the periosteum to the bone

periosteotomy

attempted realignment of the boone involved in a fracture or dislocation. manually applied force then immobilized

closed reduction

aka stabilization

immobilization

pulling force exered on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

traction

fracture treatment procedure where pins are placed throught the soft tissues and and external appliance is used to hold the pieces together

external fixation

plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place

internal fixation

BDT

bone density testing

closed reduction

fracture

osteoarthritis

osteoporosis

PKR

partial knee replacement

PMR

polymyalgia rheumatica

rheumatoid arthritis

THA

total hip arthroplasty

TKA

total knee arthroplasty