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Medical Terminoloy > mod 3 chp 9 > Flashcards

mod 3 chp 9 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

-cele

A

tumor, hernia, swelling

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2
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder, cyst, sac or fluid

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3
Q

dia-

A

through, between, apart, complete

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4
Q

-ectasis

A

stretching, dilation, enlargement

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5
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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6
Q

lith/o

A

stone, calculus

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7
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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8
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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9
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis, bowl of kidney

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10
Q

-tripsy

A

to crush

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11
Q

ur/o

A

urine, urinary tract

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12
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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13
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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14
Q

-uria

A

urination, urine

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15
Q

the major waste product of protein production

A

urea

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16
Q

constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water

A

kidneys

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17
Q

means pertaining to the kidneys

A

renal

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18
Q

the outer region of the kidneys

A

renal cortex

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19
Q

the inner region of the kidney

A

medulla

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20
Q

microscopic functional units of each kidney

A

nephrons

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21
Q

a cluster of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

A

glomerulus

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22
Q

after Bowman’s capsule

A

renal tubule

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23
Q

blood enters the kidneys through

A

renal artery

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24
Q

blood leaves the kidneys through

A

renal vein

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25
Q

funnel shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla

A

renal pelvis

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26
Q

two narrow tubes which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

A

ureters

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27
Q

an oval, hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine

A

urinary bladder

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28
Q

the tube extending fromthe bladder to the exterior of the body

A

urethra

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29
Q

the external opening of the urethra

A

urethral meatus

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30
Q

part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra

A

prostate gland

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31
Q

the process of excreting urine

A

urination

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32
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

A

nephrologist

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33
Q

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

A

urologist

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34
Q

means any disease of the kidney

A

nephropathy

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35
Q

aka kidney, inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions

A

renal failure

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36
Q

a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and waste products are retained in the blood

A

uremia

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37
Q

sudden onset and characterized by uremia

A

acute renal failure

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38
Q

progressive loss of renal function over months or years

A

chronic kidney disease

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39
Q

the final stage of chronic kidney disease

A

end-stage renal disease

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40
Q

aka nephrosis, group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine

A

nephrotic syndrome

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41
Q

excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues

A

edema

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42
Q

the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

A

hyperproteinuria

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43
Q

presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in blood

A

hypoproteinemia

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44
Q

dilation of one or both kidneys. can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction

A

hydronephrosis

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45
Q

inflammation of the kidney

A

nephritis

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46
Q

type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli

A

glomerulonephritis

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47
Q

aka floating kidney, prolapse of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands

A

nephroptosis

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48
Q

suppuration of the kidney

A

nephropyosis

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49
Q

a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

A

polycystic kidney disease

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50
Q

an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith

A

renal colic

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51
Q

a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children

A

Wilms tumor

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52
Q

aka calculus, abnormal mineral deposit

A

stone

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53
Q

describes the presence of stones in the kidney

A

nephrolithiasis

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54
Q

aka kidney stone

A

nephrolith

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55
Q

stone located anywhere along the ureter

A

ureterolith

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56
Q

a stone located within the urinary bladder

A

cystolith

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57
Q

condition of the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

A

hydroureter

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58
Q

the distention of a ureter

A

ureterectasis

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59
Q

discharge of blood from the ureter

A

ureterorrhagia

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60
Q

pain in the bladder

A

cystalgia

61
Q

a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall

A

cystocele

62
Q

chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. symptoms are similar to those of cystitis, but do not respond to traditional treatment

A

interstitial cystitis

63
Q

an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina

A

vesicovaginal fistula

64
Q

a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

A

neurogenic bladder

65
Q

aka enlarged prostate, most often occurs in men older than 50, can make urination difficult

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

66
Q

a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

prostatism

67
Q

one of the most common cancers among men

A

prostate cancer

68
Q

group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland

A

prostatitis

69
Q

bleeding from the urethra

A

urethrorrhagia

70
Q

abnormal discharge from the urethra

A

urethrorrhea

71
Q

narrowing of the urethra. occurs almost exclusively in men

A

urethrostenosis

72
Q

congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. in males, upper surface of the penis, in females, in region of the clitoris

A

epispadias

73
Q

congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. in males, underside of penis, in females, opens into the vagina

A

hypospadias

74
Q

begin in the bladder and can affect all parts of the urinary system. most often caused by E.coli

A

urinary tract infection

75
Q

inflammation of the bladder

A

cystitis

76
Q

inflammation of the renal pelvis

A

pyelitis

77
Q

inflammation of both the renal pelvis and the kidney

A

pyelonephritis

78
Q

inflammation of the urethra

A

urethritis

79
Q

absence of urine formation by by the kidneys

A

anuria

80
Q

increased output of urine

A

diuresis

81
Q

difficult or painful urination

A

dysuria

82
Q

involuntary discharge of urine

A

enuresis

83
Q

aka bedwetting

A

nocturnal enuresis

84
Q

frequent and excessive urination during the night

A

nocturia

85
Q

means scanty urniation

A

oliguria

86
Q

excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes

A

polyuria

87
Q

difficulty in starting a urinary stream

A

urinary hesitancy

88
Q

aka ischuria, inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate

A

urinary retention

89
Q

inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both

A

incontinence

90
Q

inability to control the voiding of urine

A

urinary incontinence

91
Q

continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely

A

overflow incontinence

92
Q

inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress

A

stress incontinence

93
Q

occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate

A

overactive bladder

94
Q

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

A

urinalysis

95
Q

use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones etc

A

bladder ultrasound

96
Q

insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen or drain urine

A

urinary catheterization

97
Q

visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope

A

cystoscopy

98
Q

diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

A

voiding cystourethrography

99
Q

aka cat scan

A

computed tomography

100
Q

radiographic examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter

A

cystography

101
Q

aka excretory urography, a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters. a contrast medium is administered intravenously. used to diagnose changes in the urinary tract

A

intravenous pyelogram

102
Q

a radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium used to detect bowl obstructions and nephroliths

A

KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)

103
Q

radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract

A

retrograde urography

104
Q

performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland

A

digital rectal examination

105
Q

blood test used to screen for prostate cancer

A

prostate-specific antigen

106
Q

medications administered to increase urine secretion

A

diuretics

107
Q

procedure used to remove waste products when kidneys don’t work

A

dialysis

108
Q

process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood

A

hemodialysis

109
Q

lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as a filter to remove waste from the blood

A

peritoneal dialysis

110
Q

surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions

A

nephrolysis

111
Q

surgical fixation of nephroptosis, aka nephrorrhaphy

A

nephropexy

112
Q

placement of a catheter to maintain an opening fro the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body

A

nephrostomy

113
Q

surgical repair of the ureter and renal pelvis

A

pyeloplasty

114
Q

surgical incision into the renal pelvis

A

pyelotomy

115
Q

aka kidney transplate

A

renal transplantation

116
Q

most common kidney stone treatment, high energy ultrasonic waves traveling though water or gel are used to break up the stone

A

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

117
Q

surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back

A

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

118
Q

surgical removal of a ureter

A

ureterectomy

119
Q

surgical repair of a ureter

A

ureteroplasty

120
Q

surgical suturing of a ureter

A

ureterorrhaphy

121
Q

treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter

A

ureteroscopy

122
Q

surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

A

cystectomy

123
Q

replacement for the missing bladder created by using about 20 inches of the small intestine

A

neobladder

124
Q

use a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen

A

ileal conduit

125
Q

surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

A

cystopexy

126
Q

surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder

A

lithotomy

127
Q

catheter remains inside the body for a prolonged time

A

indwelling catheter

128
Q

performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter thorugh the urethra and into the bladder

A

urethral catheterization

129
Q

placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall

A

suprapubic catheterization

130
Q

most common type of indwelling catheter, flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water to hold it in place

A

Foley catheter

131
Q

aka short term catheter

A

intermittent catheter

132
Q

surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening

A

meatotomy

133
Q

surgical fixation of the urethra to nearby tissue

A

erethropexy

134
Q

surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

A

urethrotomy

135
Q

treatment of prostate cancer, removal of a body part of the destruction of its function through surgery or other methods

A

ablation

136
Q

the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland

A

prostatectomy

137
Q

when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out

A

retrograde ejaculation

138
Q

aka TURP, removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope

A

transurethral prostatectomy

139
Q

series of pelvic muscle exercised used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor

A

Kegel exercises

140
Q

ARF

A

acute renal faiure

141
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hyperlasia

142
Q

cath

A

catheterization

143
Q

CKD

A

chronic kidney disease

144
Q

DRE

A

digital rectal examination

145
Q

ESRD

A

end-stage renal disease

146
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelogram

147
Q

PKD

A

polycystic kidney disease

148
Q

TURP

A

transurethral resection of the prostate

149
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

Medical Terminoloy (13 decks)

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