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Medical Terminoloy > mod 3 chap 8 > Flashcards

mod 3 chap 8 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aka GI tract

A

gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

aka mouth

A

oral cavity

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3
Q

an/o

A

anus, ring

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4
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

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5
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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6
Q

col/o, colon/o

A

colon

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7
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

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8
Q

enter/o

A

small intenstine

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9
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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10
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach, belly

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11
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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12
Q

-lithiasis

A

presence of stones

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13
Q

-pepsia

A

digest, digestion

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14
Q

-phagia

A

eating, swallowing

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15
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

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16
Q

rect/o

A

rectum, straight

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17
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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18
Q

aka labia, surround the opening to the oral cavity

A

lips

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19
Q

forms the roof of the mouth

A

palate

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20
Q

the anterior portion of the palate this area is covered with specialized mucous membrane. irregular ridges

A

hard palate

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21
Q

the flexible posterior of the palate

A

soft palate

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22
Q

the third part of the palate, hangs from the free edge of the soft palate

A

uvula

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23
Q

strong, flexible and muscular. the posterior portion is attached

A

tongue

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24
Q

tongue is covered with small bumps

A

papillae

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25
Q

an/o

A

anus

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26
Q

dent/o

A

teeth

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27
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

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28
Q

describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth

A

periodontium

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29
Q

aka masticatory mucosa orgums

A

gingiva

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30
Q

the bony structures of the oral cavity

A

dental arches

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31
Q

formed at the back of the mouth were the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

A

temporomandibular joint

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32
Q

refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

A

dentition

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33
Q

describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth

A

occlusion

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34
Q

colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth

A

saliva

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35
Q

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

A

salivary glands

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36
Q

aka cardiac sphincter

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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37
Q

the folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach

A

rugae

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38
Q

aid in the beginning of food digestion

A

gastric juices

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39
Q

the ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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40
Q

the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

A

pylorus

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41
Q

the first portion of the small intestine

A

duodenum

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42
Q

the middle portion of the small intestine

A

jejunum

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43
Q

the last and longest portion of the small intestine

A

ileum

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44
Q

a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen

A

cecum

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45
Q

the ring-like muscle that control that controls the flow from the ileum to the cecum

A

ileocecal sphincter

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46
Q

travels upwards from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

A

ascending colon

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47
Q

passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left

A

transverse colon

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48
Q

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

A

descending colon

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49
Q

an s-shaped structure that continues from the descending col above and joins the rectum below

A

sigmoid colon

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50
Q

the widest division of the large intestine

A

rectum

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51
Q

the lower opening of the digestive tract

A

anus

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52
Q

refers to the anus and rectum

A

anorectal

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53
Q

play a key role in the digestive process, but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract

A

accessory organs

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54
Q

the largest organ in the body

A

liver

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55
Q

aka bile, aids in the digestion of fats

A

bilirubin

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56
Q

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

A

biliary tree

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57
Q

pear-shaped organ located under the liver which stores and concentrates bile for later use

A

gallbladder

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58
Q

means pertaining to the gallbladder

A

cholecystic

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59
Q

soft 6-inch long gland that is located behind the stomach

A

pancreas

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60
Q

the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients

A

digestion

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61
Q

includes all the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

A

metabolism

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62
Q

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

A

anabolism

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63
Q

the breaking down of body cells or substances releasing energy

A

catabolism

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64
Q

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

A

absorption

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65
Q

mucosa that lines the small intestine is covered with finger-like projections

A

villi

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66
Q

aka chewing

A

mastication

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67
Q

a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

A

bolus

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68
Q

a series of wave-like contractions

A

peristalsis

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69
Q

semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that passes out of the stomach

A

chyme

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70
Q

aka solid body wastes

A

feces

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71
Q

aka bowel movement

A

defecation

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72
Q

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

A

borborygmus

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73
Q

passage of gas out of the body through the rectum

A

flatulence

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74
Q

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

A

bariatrics

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75
Q

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

A

dentist

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76
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the stomach and intestines

A

gastroenterologist

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77
Q

specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

A

oral or maxillofacial surgeon

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78
Q

dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

A

orthodontist

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79
Q

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

A

periodontist

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80
Q

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

A

proctologist

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81
Q

aka cancer sores, gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth

A

aphthous ulcers

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82
Q

a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

A

cheilosis

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83
Q

aka cold sores, blister like sores on the lips that are caused by herpes virus

A

herpes labialis

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84
Q

an abnormal white precancerous lesion that develops on the tongue or inside of the cheek, usually from chronic irritation

A

leukoplakia

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85
Q

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

A

stomatitis

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86
Q

any disease of the mouth due to a fungus

A

stomatomycosis

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87
Q

a type of stomatomycosis that develops…symptoms are creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks. Candida albicans

A

oral thrush

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88
Q

describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, etc

A

trismus

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89
Q

aka dry mouth

A

xerostomia

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90
Q

a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose

A

cleft lip

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91
Q

the failure of the palate to close during early development of the fetus

A

cleft palate

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92
Q

the involuntary grinding or clenching or the teeth

A

bruxism

93
Q

aka cavity

A

dental caries

94
Q

major cause of dental caries

A

dental plaque

95
Q

means without teeth

A

edentulous

96
Q

aka bad breath

A

halitosis

97
Q

any deviation from the normal position of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

A

malocclusion

98
Q

an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

A

periodontal disease

99
Q

aka tartar

A

dental calculus

100
Q

the earliest stage of periodontal disease, inflammation affects only the gums

A

gingivitis

101
Q

aka trench mouth, caused by abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth

A

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

102
Q

difficulty is swallowing

A

dysphagia

103
Q

upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

104
Q

occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure

A

Barrett’s esophagus

105
Q

heartburn

A

pyrosis

106
Q

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

A

esophageal varices

107
Q

a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest through the diapjragm

A

hiatal hernia

108
Q

common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by bacteria

A

gastritis

109
Q

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

A

gastroenteritis

110
Q

excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach

A

gastrorrhea

111
Q

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

A

peptic ulcers

112
Q

loss of appetite for food

A

anorexia

113
Q

an eating disorder leading to voluntary starvation

A

anorexia nervosa

114
Q

eating disorder with binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors

A

bulimia nervosa

115
Q

condition of physically wasting away due to the loss of weight that occurs in patients in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS

A

cachexia

116
Q

abnormal craving or appetite for non-food substances that lasts for at least one month

A

pica

117
Q

fluid loss exceeds fluid intake

A

dehydration

118
Q

lack of proper food or nutrients

A

malnutrition

119
Q

condition where the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

A

malabsorption

120
Q

excessive accumulation of fat in the body

A

obesity

121
Q

condition of weighing two times or more the ideal weight or having a BMI greater than 40

A

morbid obesity

122
Q

a number that shows body weight adjusted for height

A

body mass index

123
Q

excessive swallowing or air while eating or drinking

A

aerophagia

124
Q

pain or discomfort in digestion

A

dyspepsia

125
Q

aka vomitting

A

emesis

126
Q

act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

A

eructation

127
Q

vomiting of blood

A

hematemesis

128
Q

extreme, persistent vomiting

A

hyperemesis

129
Q

urge to vomit

A

nausea

130
Q

return of swallowed food to the mouth

A

regurgitation

131
Q

gluten intolerance

A

celiac disease

132
Q

aka colon cancer

A

colorectal carcinoma

133
Q

mushroom like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane

A

polyp

134
Q

the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon

A

diverticulosis

135
Q

a small pouch found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ

A

diverticulum

136
Q

the inflammation or infection of a diverticulum in the colon

A

diverticulitis

137
Q

inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking contaminated substances

A

enteritis

138
Q

occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood

A

ischemic colitis

139
Q

the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine

A

ileus

140
Q

aka spastic colon, cramping, abdominal pain, etc

A

irritable bowel syndrome

141
Q

general name for diseases that causes inflammation and swelling in the intestines

A

inflammatory bowel disease

142
Q

a chronic condition in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

A

ulcerative colitis

143
Q

a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur any where in the digestive tract, similar to ulcerative colitis

A

Crohn’s disease

144
Q

the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction

A

intestinal obstruction

145
Q

twisting or the intestine on itself

A

volvulus

146
Q

the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening or an immediately adjacent part

A

intussusception

147
Q

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a week place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

A

inguinal hernia

148
Q

occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia

A

strangulated hernia

149
Q

a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria

A

Clostridium difficile

150
Q

bacterial infection, occurs in hot countries spread through food or water contaminated by human feces

A

dysentery

151
Q

caused by contaminated foods that have not been cooked properly

A

E. coli

152
Q

transmitted by feces, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats

A

salmonellosis

153
Q

a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during bowel movements

A

anal fissure

154
Q

the inability to control the excretion of feces

A

bowel incontinence

155
Q

having a bowel movement less than 3 times a week

A

constipation

156
Q

abnormally frequent flow or loose or watery stools

A

diarrhea

157
Q

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

A

hemorrhoids

158
Q

a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy

A

rectocele

159
Q

blow of bright red blood in the stool

A

hematochezia

160
Q

the passage of black, tarry and foul-smelling stools

A

melena

161
Q

the presence of excess fat in the stool

A

steatorrhea

162
Q

abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

163
Q

yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin the blood

A

jaundice

164
Q

inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection

A

hepatitis

165
Q

chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring

A

cirrhosis

166
Q

hep transmitted through contamination of food and water with infected fecal matter, vacc available

A

hep a

167
Q

hep, bloodborne disease transmitted via body fluids. vacc available

A

hep b

168
Q

hep, bloodborne, transmitted via body fluids, no vacc, may be years before symptoms present

A

hep c

169
Q

accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol

A

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

170
Q

more serious form consists of fatty accumulations plus liver damaging inflammation, can progress to cirrhosis

A

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

171
Q

acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the upper-right quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice

A

cholangitis

172
Q

inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones

A

cholecystitis

173
Q

aka cholelith

A

gallstone

174
Q

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

A

cholethiasis

175
Q

a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cros-ssection of the tissue structure within the abdomen

A

abdominal computed tomography

176
Q

used to visualize internal organs by using high-frequency sound waves

A

abdominal ultrasound

177
Q

radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

A

cholangiography

178
Q

placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

A

enema

179
Q

endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

180
Q

radiographic studies to examine the digestive system using barium contrast medium

A

upper and lower GI series

181
Q

specimens of feces that are examined

A

stool samples

182
Q

instrument used for visual examination of internal structures

A

endoscope

183
Q

the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum

A

anoscopy

184
Q

use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows

A

capsule endoscopy

185
Q

direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum

A

colonoscopy

186
Q

the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon,

A

sigmoidoscopy

187
Q

aka fecal occult blood test, lab test for hidden blood in the stools

A

Hemoccult test

188
Q

neutralize the acids in the stomach

A

antacids

189
Q

decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach

A

proton pump inhibitors

190
Q

medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomitting

A

antiemetic

191
Q

medications given to stimulate bowel movements

A

laxatives

192
Q

administered to combat the effects of dehydration

A

intravenous fluids

193
Q

treatment in which solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration

A

oral rehydration therapy

194
Q

the profession cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus

A

dental prophylaxis

195
Q

the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue

A

gingivectomy

196
Q

surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities etc

A

maxillofacial surgery

197
Q

surgical repair of a cleft palate

A

palatoplasty

198
Q

surgical removal of all or part of the stomach

A

gastrectomy

199
Q

placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach

A

nasogastric intubation

200
Q

surgical placement of a feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach

A

gastrostomy tube

201
Q

administered to patients who cannot get their nutrition through eating

A

total parenteral nutrition

202
Q

performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested

A

bariatric surgery

203
Q

surgical removal of all or part of the colon

A

colectomy

204
Q

surgical incision into the colon

A

colotomy

205
Q

surgical removal of a diverticulum

A

diverticulectomy

206
Q

establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

A

gastroduodenostomy

207
Q

surgical connection between two hollow structures

A

anastomosis

208
Q

the surgical removal of the ileum

A

ileectomy

209
Q

surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface

A

ostomy

210
Q

surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall

A

ileostomy

211
Q

surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

A

colostomy

212
Q

surgical removal of hemorrhoids

A

hemorrhoidectomy

213
Q

surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

A

proctopexy

214
Q

surgical removal of all or part of the liver

A

hepatectomy

215
Q

incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone

A

choledocholithotomy

216
Q

surgical removal of the gallbladder

A

cholescystectomy

217
Q

BMI

A

body mass index

218
Q

COL

A

colonoscopy

219
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

220
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

221
Q

GI

A

gastroinestinal

222
Q

IH

A

inguinal hernia

223
Q

IBD

A

inflammatory bowel disease

224
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrom

225
Q

NG tube

A

nasogastric tube

226
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

227
Q

TPN

A

total parenteral nutrition

228
Q

UC

A

ulcerative colitis

Medical Terminoloy (13 decks)

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