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Medical Terminoloy > mod 2 chp 6 > Flashcards

mod 2 chp 6 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

meta-

A

beyond

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2
Q

neo-

A

new, strange

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3
Q

adenoid/o

A

adenoids

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4
Q

axill/o

A

armpit

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5
Q

cervic/o

A

neck

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6
Q

immun/o

A

protected

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7
Q

inguin/o

A

groid

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8
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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9
Q

lymphoaden/o

A

lymph nodes

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10
Q

lymphangio/o

A

lymph vessels

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11
Q

lymphocyto/o

A

lymphocyte

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12
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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13
Q

phag/o

A

to eat or destroy

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14
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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15
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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16
Q

-plasm

A

formation

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17
Q

specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream

A

lacteals

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18
Q

aka intercellular fluid, plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues

A

interstitial fluid

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19
Q

the remaining 10% of returning interstitial fluid. clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins

A

lymph

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20
Q

aka secondary circulatory system

A

lymphatic circulatory system

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21
Q

microscopic, blind ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness

A

lymphatic capillaries

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22
Q

lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries into progressively larger

A

lymphatic vessels

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23
Q

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arms. Empties into the right subclavian vein

A

right lymphatic duct

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24
Q

the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, and both legs

A

thoracic duct

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25
Q

small, bean shaped, contains specialized lymphocytes that care capable of destroying pathogens

A

lymp node

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26
Q

located along the sides of the neck

A

cervical lymph nodes

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27
Q

located under the arms in the armpit area

A

axillary lymph nodes

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28
Q

located in the inguinal are of the lower abdomen

A

inguinal lymph nodes

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29
Q

leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow aka lymphoid cells

A

lymphocytes

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30
Q

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses (type of lymphocyte)

A

natural killer cells

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31
Q

specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Each makes a specific antibody, most effective against viruses and bacteria in the blood

A

B cells

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32
Q

develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of anitbodies

A

plasma cells

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33
Q

belong to a group of leukocytes. originate in the thymus

A

T cells

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34
Q

a group of proteins such as interferons and interluekins released primarily by the T cells. act as intracellular signals to begin the immune respond

A

cytokines

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35
Q

are produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. activate the immune system, fight virus by slowing or stopping their multiplication and signal other cells to increase their defenses

A

interferons

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36
Q

play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate

A

interleukins

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37
Q

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat

A

tonsils

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38
Q

aka nasopharyngeal tonsils, located in upper part of the pharynx

A

adenoids

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39
Q

located on the left and right sides of the troat

A

palatine tonsils

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40
Q

located at the base of the tongue, not readily visible

A

lingual tonsils

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41
Q

a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart

A

thymus

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42
Q

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

A

vermiform appendix

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43
Q

sac like mass that filters blood, breaks down blood, and stores rbc

A

spleeen

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44
Q

wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body

A

intact skin

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45
Q

aka immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies

A

antigen-antibody reaction

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46
Q

any substance that the body regards as being foreign

A

antigen

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47
Q

an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen. also decline in responsiveness to a drug

A

tolerance

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48
Q

a disease fighting proteins created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

A

antibody

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49
Q

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

A

immunoglobulins

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50
Q

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the a-a reaction by destroying substances by the process of phagocytosis

A

phagocytes

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51
Q

leukocytes that provide immunological defenses. macrophages derive from them after thye leave the bloodstream and enter into the tissue

A

monocytes

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52
Q

type of wbc that surrounds and kills invading cells. also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells

A

macrophages

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53
Q

specialized wbc that patrol the body searching for antigens. grabs it, swallows it, and alerts B and T cells

A

dendritic cells

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54
Q

a grop of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combing with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

A

the complement systen

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55
Q

the state of being resistant to a specific disease

A

immunity

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56
Q

aka passive immunity, resistance without administration of an antigen or exposure

A

natural immunity

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57
Q

obtained as having had a contagious diseases or being vaccinated

A

acquired immunity

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58
Q

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions like allergic reactions

A

allergist

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59
Q

specialized in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

A

immunologist

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60
Q

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

A

lymphologist

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61
Q

a physician specializing in the diagnosing and treatment of tumours and cancers

A

oncologist

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62
Q

aka swollen glands, inflammation of the lymph nodes

A

lymphadenitis

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63
Q

any disease process affecting a lymph node

A

lymphadenopathy

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64
Q

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation

A

lymphangioma

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65
Q

an abnormal enlargement of the spleen

A

slenomegaly

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66
Q

bleeding from the spleen

A

splenorrhagia

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67
Q

a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels. radiographic substance is injected into the ducts

A

lymphoscintigraphy

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68
Q

swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph

A

lymphedema

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69
Q

hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling in the feel and progressing into the ankles and upward.

A

primary lymphedema

70
Q

caused by damage to lymphatic vessels

A

secondary lymphedema

71
Q

a noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema by measuring electrical resistance in a limb

A

bioimpedance spectroscopy

72
Q

occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen

A

allergic reaction

73
Q

aka hypersensitivity, overreaction by the body to an antigen

A

allergy

74
Q

a substance that produces an allergic raction

A

allergen

75
Q

aka immune serum, are used as a postexposure preventative measure against certain virus, ex rabies

A

synthetic immunoglobulins

76
Q

used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hep c and some cancers

A

synthetic interferon

77
Q

any class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by the identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. used to enhance a patient’s immune response

A

monoclonal antibodies

78
Q

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antifens

A

immunosuppression

79
Q

a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response

A

immunosuppressant

80
Q

a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-infammatory immunosuppressant

A

corticosteroid drug

81
Q

a medication that kills or damages cells, used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics

A

cytotoxic drug

82
Q

a microorganism that causes a disease in humans

A

pathogen

83
Q

one celled microscopic organism

A

bacteria

84
Q

rod-shaped spore-forming bacterial

A

bacilli

85
Q

contagious diease that can be transmitted through livestock infected. spores grown in laboratories have been used in biological warfare

A

anthrax

86
Q

a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by it when transmitted by the bite of an infected tick

A

rickettsia

87
Q

long, slender spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

A

spirochetes

88
Q

caused by a spirochete. can affect the joints, heart, and central nervous system. transmitted by bite from infected tick

A

lyme disease

89
Q

group of 30 species that form groups or clusters

A

staphylococci

90
Q

a form of staphylococci that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning

A

staphylococcus aureus

91
Q

bacteria that form a chain

A

streptococci

92
Q

serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body. toxins that are released by pathogens can produce direct tissue damage

A

septic shock

93
Q

occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target and the next generation is more resistant

A

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

94
Q

aka MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

95
Q

a simple parasitic organism

A

fungus

96
Q

aka athletes foot

A

Tinea pedis

97
Q

a type of fungus

A

yeast

98
Q

aka yeast infection

A

candidiasis

99
Q

a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism

A

parasite

100
Q

caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

A

malaria

101
Q

another example of a parasite that is most commonly transmitted by pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces. pregnant women can transfer the disease to their babies

A

toxoplasmosis

102
Q

spreads to humans by mosquito. severe form spreads to the spinal cord and brain

A

West Nile virus

103
Q

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells

A

viruses

104
Q

aka flu, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs seasonallty

A

influenza

105
Q

acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus. serious complications can include photophobia

A

measles

106
Q

aka german measles, viral infection that is characterized by the low-grade fever, inflammed eyes, and a fine pink rash

A

Rubella

107
Q

acute viral infection that is characterized by swelling of the parotid glands

A

mumps

108
Q

an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal

A

rabies

109
Q

found in most body fluids, present as a silent infection, but can become serious with a weakened immune system

A

cytomegalovirus

110
Q

aka chicken pox

A

varicella

111
Q

aka shingles

A

herpes zoster

112
Q

aka mono

A

infectious mononucleosis

113
Q

medications capable of inhibiting or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms

A

antibiotics

114
Q

a substance that causes death of bacteria

A

bactericide

115
Q

an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

A

antifungal

116
Q

used to treat viral infections or provide temporary immunity, ex acyclovir

A

antiviral drug

117
Q

study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer

A

oncology

118
Q

an abnormal growth of body tissue

A

tumor or neoplasm

119
Q

a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

A

myoma

120
Q

a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

A

myosarcoma

121
Q

the processes through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

A

angiogenesis

122
Q

a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor

A

antiangiogenesis

123
Q

a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells

A

cancer

124
Q

the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another

A

metastasize

125
Q

the new cancer site that results from the spreading process

A

metastasis

126
Q

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

A

carcinoma

127
Q

a malignant tumor in its original position

A

carcinoma in situ

128
Q

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

A

adenocarcinoma

129
Q

a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues

A

sarcoma

130
Q

a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of long bones

A

osteosarcoma

131
Q

a tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint

A

synovial sarcoma

132
Q

the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed

A

staging

133
Q

a general term applied to malignacies affecting lymphoid tissues

A

lymphoma

134
Q

distinguished by the presence of large cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

135
Q

term used to describe all other lymphomas

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

136
Q

a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast

A

breast cancer

137
Q

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

A

ductal carcinoma in situ

138
Q

starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the fatty breast tissue

A

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

139
Q

cancer that starts in the milk glands, breaks through the wall of the gland, and invades the fatty tissue. once it reaches the lymph nodes it can spread to distant parts of the body

A

infiltrating lobular carcinoma

140
Q

a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer. grows rapidly, can only be detected by magnetic resonance imaging

A

inflammatory breast cancer

141
Q

a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors

A

mammography

142
Q

an initial follow-up test when an abnormality is found by a mammography

A

ultrasound

143
Q

a technique in which an x-ray guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast

A

needle breast biopsy

144
Q

the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis

A

surgical biopsy

145
Q

a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer

A

lymph node dissection

146
Q

the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue and the surrounding margin of normal tissue

A

lumpectomy

147
Q

the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple

A

mastectomy

148
Q

the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

A

radical mastectomy

149
Q

the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

A

modified radical mastectomy

150
Q

the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations to destroy malignant cells and tissues

A

chemotherapy

151
Q

the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer

A

chemoprevention

152
Q

a medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

A

antineoplastic

153
Q

destroying only the cancerous tissues while sparing healthy tissues. a method of treating some cancers

A

radiation therapy

154
Q

the use of radiactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

A

brachytherapy

155
Q

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

A

teletherapy

156
Q

developing form of anti-cancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

A

targeted therapy

157
Q

after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur, this therapy is used

A

adjuvant therapy

158
Q

testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet recieved FDA approval

A

clinical trials

159
Q

A, Ab

A

antibody

160
Q

AG, Ag

A

antigen

161
Q

CA, Ca

A

carcinoma

162
Q

CIS

A

carcinoma in situ

163
Q

DCIS

A

ductal carcinoma in situ

164
Q

HZ

A

herpes zoster

165
Q

HL

A

hodgkin’s lymphoma

166
Q

IG

A

immunoglobulin

167
Q

LE

A

lymphedema

168
Q

MMR

A

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination

169
Q

MET

A

metastasis

170
Q

met

A

metastasize

171
Q

NHL

A

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

172
Q

VSZ

A

varicella

Medical Terminoloy (13 decks)

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