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PN NUR 160 > MOD 7 Electrolytes > Flashcards

MOD 7 Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

135-148 mEq/L

A

Sodium (Na+)

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2
Q

Causes:

  • Diuretics
  • GI fluid loss
  • Hypotonic tube feedings
  • D5W or hypotonic fluids
  • diaphoresis
A

Sodium (Na+)
Hyponatremia

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3
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • anorexia, nausea, vomiting
  • weakness
  • lethargy
  • confusion
  • muscle cramps, twitching
  • seizures
A

Sodium (Na+)
Hyponatremia

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4
Q

Causes:

  • water deprivation
  • hypertonic tube feedings
  • diabetes insipidus
  • heatstroke
  • hyperventilation
  • watery diarrhea
  • renal failure
  • Cushing syndrome
A

Sodium (Na+)
Hypernatremia

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5
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • thirst
  • hyperpyrexia
  • sticky mucous membranes
  • dry mouth
  • hallucinations
  • lethargy
  • irritability
  • seizures
A

Sodium (Na+)
Hypernatremia

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6
Q

3.5 – 5 mEq/L

A

Potassium (K+)

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7
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • Fatigue
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Muscle weakness
  • Decreased GI motility
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Paresthesia
  • Flat T waves on ECG
A

Potassium (K+)
Hypokalemia

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8
Q

Causes:

  • Diuretics
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Gastric suction
  • Steroid administration
  • Hyperaldosteroneism
  • Amphotericin B
  • Bulimia
  • Cushing syndrome
A

Potassium (K+)
Hypokalemia

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9
Q

Causes:

  • Hemolyzed serum sample produces pseudohyperkalemia
  • Oliguria
  • Acidosis
  • Renal failure
  • Addison’s disease
  • Multiple blood transfusions
A

Potassium (K+)
Hyperkalemia

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10
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • Muscle weakness
  • Bradycardia
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Intestinal colic
  • Tall T waves on ECG
A

Potassium (K+)
Hyperkalemia

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11
Q

90 – 110 mEq/L

A

Chloride (Cl-)

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12
Q

8.8-10 mg/dL

A

Calcium (Ca++)

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13
Q

Causes:

  • Renal failure
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Malabsorption
  • Pancreatitis
  • alkalosis
A

Calcium (Ca++)
Hypocalcemia

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14
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • diarrhea
  • numbness
  • tingling of extremities
  • convulsions
  • positive Trousseau sign
  • positive Chavostek’s sign
  • At risk for tetany
A

Calcium (Ca++)
Hypocalcemia

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15
Q

Causes:

  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Malignant bone disease
  • Prolonged immobilization
  • Excess calcium supplements
A

Calcium (Ca++)
Hypercalcemia

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16
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • Muscle weakness
  • Constipation
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Neurosis
  • Dysrhythmias
A

Calcium (Ca++)
Hypercalcemia

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17
Q

1.7 - 2.6 mEq/L

A

Phosphorus (HPO-4)

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18
Q

Causes:

  • Refeeding after starvation
  • Alcohol withdrawal
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Respiratory alkalosis
A

Phosphorus (HPO-4)
Hypophosphatemia

19
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • Parathesias
  • Muscle weakness
  • Muscle pain
  • Mental changes
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Respiratory failure
A

Phosphorus (HPO-4)
Hypophosphatemia

20
Q

Causes:

  • Renal failure
  • Excess intake of phosphorous
A

Phosphorus (HPO-4)
Hyperphosphatemia

21
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • Short term: tetany
  • Long-term: phosphorous precipitation in nonissues sites
A

Phosphorus (HPO-4)
Hyperphosphatemia

22
Q

1.3 – 2.1 mEq/L

A

Magnesium (Mg++)

23
Q

Causes

  • Alcoholism
  • Malabsorption
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Prolonged gastric suction
  • Diuretics
A

Magnesium (Mg++)
Hypomagnesemia

24
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • Anorexia, distention
  • Neuromuscular irritability
  • Depression
  • Disorientation
A

Magnesium (Mg++)
Hypomagnesemia

25
Q

Causes:

  • Renal failure
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Excessive replacement
A

Magnesium (Mg++)
Hypermagnesemia

26
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • Flushing
  • Hypotension
  • Drowsiness, lethargy
  • Hypoactive reflexes
  • Depressed respirations
  • Bradycardia
A

Magnesium (Mg++)
Hypermagnesemia

27
Q

Causes:

  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Sweating
  • Inadequate fluid intake
  • Massive edema, as in the initial stage of major burns
  • Ascites
  • Elderly forgetting to drink
A

Hypovolemia

28
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • Weight loss (1 pint of fluid loss equals 1 pound of weight loss!)
  • Decreased skin turgor
  • Oliguria (concentrated urine)
  • Dry and sticky mucous membranes
  • Postural hypotension or weak, rapid pulse
A

Hypovolemia

29
Q

Causes:

  • Heart failure
  • Renal failure
  • Cirrhosis, liver failure
  • Excessive ingestion of table salt
  • Over-hydration with sodium-concentrating fluids
  • Poorly controlled IV therapy, especially in young and old clients.
A

Hypervolemia

30
Q

Assessment Findings:

  • Peripheral edema
  • Increased bounding pulse
  • Elevated BP
  • Distended neck and hand veins
  • Dyspnea: moist crackles heard when lungs auscultated
  • Attention loss, confusion, aphasia
  • Altered LOC
A

Hypervolemia

31
Q

 Osmolality close to the ECF
 Do not cause RBCs to swell or shrink
 Are indicated for intravascular dehydration (dehydration caused by running, labor, fever, etc)
 Isotonic solutions
NS (0.9%NaCl
LR (Lactated Ringers)
D5W (careful, isotonic in bag, but hypotonic in person!)

A

Isotonic

32
Q

 Osmolality lower than ECG
 Cause fluid to shift from ECF into ICF
 Indicated for cellular dehydration (such as from prolonged dehydration; not common)
 Hypotonic solutions
0.45% - 0.5% NS
D 2.5/.045% NS

A

Hypotonic

33
Q

 Osmolality higher than ECF
 Indicated for intravascular dehydration with interstitial or cellular over-hydration
 To be used with extreme caution
 Some may contain high concentrations of dextrose (TPN) and must be infused into a central vein for rapid
dilution.
 Used to treat intravascular dehydration with cellular or interstitial over-hydration
 Only used when osmolality is dangerously low (such as dehydration resulting from surgery [blood loss
causes intravascular dehydration, but tissue cuts inflame and pull fluid into the area causing interstitial
overhydration], ascites, 3rd spacing.

A

Hypertonic

34
Q

shock
cardiac arrest
starvation
diabetic ketoacidosis
renal failure
ASA overdose
loss of intestinal fluid
wound drainage

A

Metabolic Acidosis
Causes:

35
Q

deep and rapid breathing
Kussmaul breathing
nausea
headache
flushing
abdominal pain
weakness

A

Metabolic Acidosis
S/S:

36
Q

excessive bicarbonate-containing drugs
diuretic therapy
vomiting, gastric suctioning

A

Metabolic Alkalosis
Causes:

37
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis
S/S:

A

anorexia
nausea
paresthesia’s
confusion
hypertonic reflexes
decreased respirations

38
Q

pneumothorax
pulmonary edema
asthma
pneumonia
drug overdose
head injuries CF

A

Respiratory Acidosis
Causes:

39
Q

cyanosis
tremors
respiratory insufficiency

A

Respiratory Acidosis
S/S:

40
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis
Causes:

A

anxiety
fever
overactive thyroid
ASA poisoning
mechanical ventilation

41
Q

increased respiratory rate
light-headedness
numbness and tingling of fingers and toes
paresthesia
sweating
panic

A

Respiratory Alkalosis
S/S:

42
Q

Normal
Represents Respiratory
PaCO2

A

35-45

43
Q

Normal
Represent Metabolic
Bicarbonate
HCO2

A

22 - 26

PN NUR 160 (40 decks)

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