MOD 6 Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards
1
Q
- Work by preventing the bacterial from
building a strong protective cell wall - Most effective against bacteria that
divide rapidly and are usually found in
skin and mucus membranes,
respiratory tract, ear, bone and blood. - Always discuss allergies with pt before
administering medication - Monitor patient for 30 minutes after
medication administration
A
Beta-Lactam Antibacterials
2
Q
- First true antibiotics
- Very safe and effective
- Used to treat: ear infections, pneumonia, meningitis, UTIs, syphilis, gonorrhea, and prophylactic before surgery or dental procedures
- Refrigerate liquid forms of this medication
- Side effects and adverse effects: Urticaria, pruritis, angioedemaSkin reactions including maculopapular eruptions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis
- Possible cross-sensitivity to cephalosporins (1-18%)
A
Penicillins
3
Q
penicillin g and penicillin v (natural penicillins)
methicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin (penicillinase-resistant)
amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin (aminopenicillins)
carbenicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin (extended spectrum penicillins)
A
Penicillin antibiotics
4
Q
amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
ticarcillin and clavulanic acid (Timentin)
A
Combination antibiotics
5
Q
- structurally pharmacologically related to penicillins
- bactericidal: interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis
- Broken down into generations – each progressive generation created to improve activity against bacteria.
- ceftriaxone (Rocephin) - very long half-life, can be given once a day as an IV or IM dose. One IM dose can sometimes eradicate the infection
- Don’t administer at the same time as antacids and or Iron supplements
- Refrigerate liquid forms of this medication
- Therapeutic uses: UTIs, respiratory infections, bacteremia, meningitis
A
Cephalosporins: ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
6
Q
- Active against Aerobic gram-negative bacteria
- Preserves normal flora in the intestines
- Inhibits cell wall synthesis
- Therapeutic Uses: Influenza, UTI
- Side effects: Rash, d/n/v
A
Monobactams
7
Q
- Bactericidal- Disrupts protein synthesis in bacteria
- Not usually given orally
- Very potent and have potentially serious toxicities, so they are reserved for more serious and life-threatening infections
- Side effects: nausea, vomiting, rash, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
- Used in the treatment of nosocomial infections: UTIs, Meningitis, burns, wound infections, septicemia
- Before administering, check labs: BUN, Creatinine, check hearing before and daily during administration
A
Aminoglycosides: tobramycin (Tobramycin), gentamicin (Garamycin)
8
Q
- Inhibits reproduction of bacteria
- Excellent activity for gram-negative bacteria
- Excellent oral absorption
- Excreted in the kidneys
- Therapeutic uses: Lower respiratory tract infections, infectious diarrhea, urinary tract infections
- Side effects: Headache, dizziness, fatigue, insomnia, nausea, rash, photosensitivity
- Cautious use in elderly
- Check blood glucose levels frequently for pts who are diabetic
- Can raise blood pressure and cause arrhythmias in cardiac patients
- Give with plenty of fluids, recommended up to 3 liters a day
A
Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones) ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin)
9
Q
These medications prevent bacteria from using protein to reproduce
A
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
10
Q
- Should only be given to patients with a healthy immune system
- Therapeutic Uses: acne, UTI, upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, meningitis, Rickettsia: Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, Helicobacter pylori infections associated with peptic ulcer disease, gonorrhea and syphilis
- Side Effects: Superinfections, especially candida, diarrhea, photosensitivity
- Not to be given at the same time as Penicillin
- Give dairy products 1 hour before or 2 hours after medication administration
- Not to be used for children under the age of 8- causes teeth to discolor.
A
Tetracyclines: doxycycline (Vibramycin)
11
Q
- Achieve high concentrations in the kidneys
- May be combined with other antibiotics for enhanced potency (trimethoprim, erythromycin)
- Bacteriostatic, inhibits the synthesis of folic acid
- Therapeutic Uses: Upper respiratory infections, Urinary Tract infections
- Before administering, check liver function tests
- Side effects: Common cause of allergic reactions (fever followed by rash), photosensitivity
- Contraindicated in patients with an allergy to sulfa antibiotics
- Give with plenty of fluids
A
Sulfonamides: Bactrim Septra
12
Q
- Bacteriostatic or bactericidal
- Therapeutic Uses: common infections of skin and mucus membranes, wound infections, ear infections, upper respiratory infections
- Used for patients allergic to penicillin
- Side effects: Headache, Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, photosensitivity
- Many drug-drug interactions with Macrolides – Check medication list thoroughly
- Decreases action of oral birth control
- Take oral medication with food
A
Macrolides: Azithromycin, Erythromycin
13
Q
- Similar in action to Macrolides
- Used to treat infections caused by multiple organisms
- Well absorbed orally
- Take with a full glass of water to avoid esophageal irritation
A
Clindamycin: Cleocin
14
Q
- Antibiotic that also has some antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activity.
- Varied range of treatments for many diseases
- Available in oral and parenteral routes
- May leave a metallic taste in the mouth
- Do not drink alcohol with this medication. May cause severe nausea and vomiting. Some patients may avoid cough syrup and mouthwash
- Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, rash, leukopenia
- Give with food
- Urine may turn dark
A
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
15
Q
- Used for severe infections such as Sepsis, endocarditis, abscesses, multiple bacteria infections
- Peak and Trough necessary for management of therapeutic index
- “red man syndrome”
A
Vancomycin
