Mod 11 CHH 10 Flashcards
In a between-groups experiment, an initial _______________ of the dependent variable is obtained for all participants in the study before the IV is introduced to the experimental group.
trial
measure
change
sample
measure
In between-groups research, data analysis includes:
-applying various statistical tests
-comparing individual -subjects data to the group data
-calculating the mean and standard deviation
-visual analysis
-applying various statistical tests
-calculating the mean and standard deviation
Group data (the average performance of all the subjects) accurately represents the performance of the individual subjects in the study.
True
False
False
Looking at the performance of a group of subjects may result in:
variability being “cancelled out” by statistical manipulation
variability in the data being hidden
a clear understanding of why variability in the data occurs
variability being “cancelled out” by statistical manipulation
variability in the data being hidden
Skinner (1938) said that researchers must demonstrate behavior-environment relationships at the level of the individual organism or they risk:
conducting science as an actuarial statistician
discovering real behavioral processes
conducting science as the investigator of behavior
discovering synthetic phenomena that represent mathematical processes
conducting science as an actuarial statistician
discovering synthetic phenomena that represent mathematical processes
Between-groups designs lose the power of replicating effects within and across individual subjects.
True
False
True
The overall performance of groups is not an appropriate area of study for applied behavior analysis.
True
False
False
While flexibility in experimental designs is important, which of the following are reason why being familiar with the most commonly used tactics are important?
-It’s best to just use the experimental designs and tactics you have learned about.
-Examining specific examples of isolated experimental tactics and their application is an important step in learning the principles that guide the selection of analytic tactics leading to effective experimental designs.
-There are no rules of experimental design so it’s not necessarily important to learn about commonly used tactics; you can make your own rules!
-The vast majority of studies that have advanced our field feature one or more of these analytic tactics.
-Examining specific examples of isolated experimental tactics and their application is an important step in learning the principles that guide the selection of analytic tactics leading to effective
-The vast majority of studies that have advanced our field feature one or more of these analytic tactics.
An experiment designed to identify the active elements of a treatment package and if each element is necessary and sufficient is called:
treatment integrity
component analysis
multiple baseline
alternating treatments
component analysis
Which of the following contribute to an experimental design’s strength?
-the extent to which it controls for confounding variables
-the extent to which repeated manipulation of the independent variable produces a consistent pattern of behavior
-the extent to which the results show stable, steady states of behavior
-the extent to which it demonstrates a reliable effect
-the extent to which it controls for confounding variables
-the extent to which repeated manipulation of the independent variable produces a consistent pattern of behavior
-the extent to which it demonstrates a reliable effect
Instead of “control of behavior,” the phrase should be “control of __________________.”
environment
response
pattern
confounding variables
environment
To control the effects of any variable, the researcher attempts to:
conduct an IOA
hold it constant
check the social validity
manipulate it as an IV
hold it constant
manipulate it as an IV
Which of the following terms describes the extent to which an experiment convincingly shows that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of other unknown variables?
replication validity
external validity
internal validity
social validity
internal validity
Which is NOT a source of confounding variables?
measurement system
setting
dependent variable
independent variable
dependent variable
Which of the following are variables regarding the subject that can confound the results in a study?
-maturation
-events that occur outside the experimental setting
-repeated measurement
-similarity in relevant characteristics across subjects
maturation
events that occur outside the experimental setting
Which of the following describes “bootleg” reinforcement?
-when subjects no longer prefer an item that was previously used as a reinforcer
-when subjects receive reinforcement outside of the context of the study
-when subjects have access to the same items or events that are used as putative reinforcers in a study in a context outside of the study
-when subjects smuggle their own preferred items into a study context
-when subjects have access to the same items or events that are used as putative reinforcers in a study in a context outside of the study
Which is NOT a source of confounding related to measurement of the dependent variable?
practice effects
reactivity
replication
observer drift
replication
A measure of the extent to which the baseline and actual application of the independent variable are correctly implemented over the course of an experiment is called:
procedural fidelity
social validity
procedural validity
application integrity
procedural fidelity
The term that refers to the extent to which the independent variable is implemented as planned is called treatment:
integrity
validity
bias
drift
integrity
When the way that the independent variable is implemented changes over the course of an experiment, this is called:
treatment drift
maturation
training integrity
implementation validity
treatment drift
Which of the following are ways that Wolf (1978) recommended that social validity be assessed?
the appropriateness of the intervention
the social significance of the behavior change goals
the effectiveness of the intervention
the social importance of the results
the appropriateness of the intervention
the social significance of the behavior change goals
the social importance of the results
When determining the socially valid behavior change goals, what approach(es) did Van Houten (1979) recommend?
assess the performance of persons considered competent
ask the client (or their caregiver) what their goals are
experimentally manipulate different levels of performance to determine empirically which produces optimal results
choose the average performance of most people
assess the performance of persons considered competent
experimentally manipulate different levels of performance to determine empirically which produces optimal results
Which of the following are common ways behavior analysts assess the social acceptability of interventions?
providing a choice of treatment options
questionnaires
rating scales
using concurrent chains experimental designs to assess preference
comparing the intervention to best practices
all of the above
Which of the following are methods used by applied behavior analysts to assess the social validity of outcomes?
consumer opinion
real-world test
expert evaluation
normative comparison
standardized tests
all of the above
