Mission Fam Flashcards
- Who directs frequency changes?
The flight lead
AFMAN11-247 8.4.2
- When does the formation switch to
departure frequency?
The formation will not switch to departure frequency until both aircraft airborne.
3 FTS OI Attachment 4 Formation Standards
- What is the standard speed for cruise,
climbs, and descents?
Lead will normally climb, descend, and maneuver at 220 KIAS. Lead will normally cruise at 240KIAS.
3 FTS OI Attachment 4 Formation Standards
- When can Lead use idle and speed brakes simultaneously?
When Wing has been notified
3 FTS OI Attachment 4 Formation Standards
- What will Lead and Wing squawk during
actual lost wingman?
Lead: Assigned Squawk. Wing: Emergency or 0100 in the local area.
3 FTS OI Attachment 4 Formation Standards
- During cell what is the standard set-up for
the A/P and A/A TACAN?
Lead and wing will fly with autopilot engaged and A/A TACAN on.
3 FTS OI Attachment 4 Formation Standards
- If Wing calls “blind,” what will Lead do?
Lead will acknowledge the call, maintain a predicable flightpath, and be directive to ensure altitude separation.
AFMAN11-247 8.2.3.2 & 8.13.2(cell)
- What if the wingman goes blind in
actual IMC conditions?
The wingman will perform the appropriate lost wingman procedures.
AFMAN11-247 8.2.4.1 & 8.13.2(cell)
- When are you not supposed to give your
wingman a frequency change?
Lead should never give a frequency change when the wingman is saturated with trying to fly the aircraft (for example, during a breakout). If a frequency change must take place at an inopportune time, lead will give the wingman time to make the change and respond. Lead should minimize maneuvering until the formation has checked in on the same frequency. AFMAN11-247 8.4.4
- Can you use visual signals in the T-1A?
Not normally. Any visual signals to be used will be briefed by flight lead. Crewmembers should be familiar with AFI 11-205, Aircraft Cockpit and Formation Flight Signals, for formation visual signals that could be used in the case of an emergency.
AFMAN11-247 8.5
- What is the minimum runway width for
both aircraft to take the runway during a
formation departure?
150 feet.
AFMAN11-247 8.9.4
- Explain the differences between a fifteen second interval and a one-minute interval takeoff.
Fifteen-Second Interval: Once the flight is positioned on the runway and cleared for takeoff, lead will call for the runup (“Pain flight, run ‘em up”) to 80 percent N1 for the engine
checks. When number two calls, “Pain 2 is ready,” lead will release brakes and advance power.
When lead releases the brakes, the wingman will hack the clock and continue holding the brakes.
At 15 seconds the wingman will release the brakes and advance power.
One-Minute Interval: Once the flight is positioned on the runway and cleared for takeoff, lead will call for the runup (“Pain flight, run ‘em up”) to 80 percent N1 for the engine checks. When number two calls, “Pain 2 is ready,” lead will release brakes and advance power. When lead releases the brakes, the wingman will hack the clock and reduce the power to idle. At approximately 45 seconds, the wingman will advance power to 80 percent N1, check engines, and release brakes at one minute.
Both aircraft must maintain their side of the runway.
AFMAN11-247 8.10
- What are the parameters of the visual position?
The basic visual formation position for the wingman is approximately 600 to 700 feet behind and 200 to 300 feet to the right, out of lead’s jet wash. To maintain the proper position use the following visual references, the wingman should:
• Be close enough to easily read the letters on the tail, but just barely make out the tail numbers.
• Superimpose the right engine intake on lead’s emergency exit hatch. The stinger light should be seen in the tail cone of the left engine. The bottom of the left engine should rest tangent on the left wing.
• As a backup, use approximately .2 DME.
Lead may direct the wingman to be on the left side as required. The wingman will maintain the side assigned by lead.
AFMAN11-247 8.12.1
- What are the parameters of offset position?
The offset position for the wingman is 600 to 4,000 feet (approximately .2 to.8 DME) of spacing. This allows the wingman to use visual references to determine the inner limit of the offset position. The wingman may fly on either side of lead, from the in-trail position up to line abreast. The offset position is fluid in nature, but the optimum position is in a 30- to 45-degree cone on either side of lead. The wingman may maneuver from side to side or farther back to optimize clearing. The wingman’s position is chosen to optimize clearing, avoid terrain and obstacles, and/or position for the next turn or a prebriefed threat.
AFMAN11-247 8.12.2
- Discuss a Position Change.
Lead will normally direct the change over the interplane radio frequency, “PAIN Flight, position change.” When the wingman acknowledges the position change radio call, he or she will normally turn right (away) momentarily, using 30 degrees AOB. The wingman will then return to the base heading while advancing power.
• The position change will be complete when the old wingman passes abeam the old lead. The old lead will transmit, “PAIN XX, you have the lead on the right (left).” The new lead will respond, “Roger, I have the lead on the right (left).” The new lead (the old Wingman) will turn the IFF to ON. The new wingman (the old lead) will turn the IFF to STBY and rejoin as directed by the new lead (the old wingman). It is acceptable for the new wingman (the old lead) to squawk STBY after the first TCAS hit.
• The wingman will assume lead responsibilities once passing abeam the old lead and appropriate radio calls have been made. The new wingman (the old lead) will decelerate to expedite the position change, returning to the prebriefed airspeed as the old wingman (the new lead) approaches the proper position. When the wingman acknowledges the lead change call, he or she will pick up the IFF and monitor the new wingman. It is imperative to monitor the old lead (the new wingman) and direct the new wingman to assume either the visual, offset, or cell formation position.
AFMAN11-247 8.15
- When are you required to do a breakout?
-Directed by the lead.
-Crossing under or in front of the lead.
-His or her presence constitutes a hazard to the formation.
-Unable to maintain sight of lead.
AFMAN11-247 8.16
- On a formation Tactical Overhead pattern, when will the wingman go into the break?
The wingman will break approximately 8 to 10 seconds after lead and roll out slightly outside
lead’s downwind ground track. The wingman must adjust the break point to build a 6,000-foot threshold spacing from lead.
AFMAN11-247, 8.17.3.1
- What is “Standard Formation?”
1 NM horizontally and 100 feet vertically from the lead aircraft. In the T-1A, the Visual and Offset positions are considered standard formation positions.
AFI 11-202v3, Appendix 1
- What is “Nonstandard Formation?”
Non-Standard Formation—Operations under any of the following conditions:
a. When the flight leader has requested and ATC has approved other than standard
formation dimensions (≤1 NM lateral separation or ≤ 100 ft. vertical separation).
b. When operating within an authorized altitude reservation (ALTRV) or under the
provisions of a letter of agreement.
c. When operations are conducted in airspace specifically designed for a special activity. In the T-1A, the Cell formation position is considered a non-standard formation position.\
11-2T-1v3 A8.3.2.7: NOTE: Clearance to maneuver enroute assumes non-standard formation. Wingmen will maintain within 2 NM and 2,000’ vertically of lead.
AFI 11-202v3, Appendix 1
3. If you are recovering to Vance in formation and cleared maneuvering, what type of nonstandard formation are you automatically cleared to fly? How long can you maintain this nonstandard formation before returning to standard?
NOTE: Clearance to maneuver enroute assumes non-standard formation. Formation members
will maintain within 2 NM and 2000 ft of each other. Terminate maneuvering and resume
standard formation NLT 20 DME from Vance.
AFI 11-2T-1v3, Vance Sup, A8.5.2
- What weather do you need to do practice lost wingman?
Day VMC above 1,000 feet AGL.
AFI 11-2T-1V3, 3.11.2.1
- What is the minimum altitude for a
formation position change?
1,000 feet AGL.
AFI 11-2T-1V3, 3.11.2.5
- What separation should you look for
during a formation drag to ensure proper
spacing on landing?
T-1 Drag (VMC Only). Notify RAPCON if you plan to drag when requesting recovery
from the area, or on initial contact with Approach, if returning to the local area. The wingman
will maintain visual contact with lead and 1-1.5 miles of spacing.
AFI 11-2T-1v3, Vance Sup, A8.5.2.3.
- Walk through a lost wingman procedure?
Straight-ahead, Left turn, Right Turn
Lead Responsibilities. The flight lead should acknowledge the lost wingman’s radio call.
Lead should also transmit attitude, heading, altitude, airspeed, or any other significant information to
help the wingman maintain safe operations.
Turning as lead – When executing a turning lost wingman (practice or actual) as lead on the inside of the turn do not roll out until after stating your parameters and safe separation has been attained. If you choose to roll out state, “Callsign, lead is rolling wings level, new base heading is xxx.”
Wingman Responsibilities. The procedures to be used depend on the flight position at the
time sight is lost. Obtain a separate clearance if a rejoin is not possible.
Wings Level. Turn 45 degrees away for 10 seconds and then turn back to the original
heading. Use 30 degrees of bank during the turn and start timing after established on a heading 45 degrees away from lead (Figure 8.1.).
Turns. When outside of the turn, roll wings level, inform lead, and continue straight
ahead to ensure separation. If you are on the inside of the turn, maintain the turn and instruct lead to roll out. Lead may resume the turn only after adequate separation is assured. If the flight is either climbing or descending in a turn, level off to achieve additional separation.
AFMAN11-247 8.7 & 3 FTS OI Form Stds
- Explain lost wingman while climbing or
descending.
When wings level or turning, level off with a minimum of 1,000 feet separation, inform lead of your present condition, and resume course.
AFMAN11-247 8.7.2.2
- Explain lost wingman while in cell.
In level flight (wings level or turning), climb 1,000 feet above lead’s altitude. If the flight is descending, level off and maintain a position at least 1,000 feet above lead’s altitude. If the flight is climbing, level off and maintain a position at least 1,000 feet below lead’s altitude. Regardless of the situation, inform lead of the lost wingman condition. CAUTION: Maintain prebriefed airspeed to prevent overrunning lead.
AFMAN11-247 8.7.3
- How many channels separate
corresponding A/A TACANs?
63.
AFMAN11-247 8.8
- Explain the difference between Terminate
and Knock-it-Off.
Knock-It-Off: (NOTE: Refer to AFI 11-214, Air Operations Rules and Procedures, for
additional information.)
• Any formation crewmember may call “knock-it-off” to cease maneuvering when safety of flight is a factor or where doubt or confusion exists. Initiation of a knock-it-off call will start with the flight call sign; for example, “PAIN Flight, knock-it-off.” Then both flight members will transmit their position number, in order, in the following format: “PAIN 1, knock-it-off,” “PAIN 2, knock-it-off.” If any flight member fails to respond correctly, the sequence should be initiated again.
• Upon hearing a knock-it-off call, all participating aircraft will clear their flightpath, cease maneuvering, climb or descend to a prebriefed safe altitude, and acknowledge with their call sign. Lead will maintain a predictable flightpath and will be directive before resuming maneuvering. He or she will direct a rejoin once safety of flight is ensured. The wingman will maintain positive aircraft separation and visual contact with lead while waiting for lead’s direction.
Terminate: (NOTE: Refer to AFI 11-214 for additional information.)
• Any formation crewmember may call “terminate” to cease maneuvering when safety of flight is not a factor or when desired learning objectives have been achieved. Terminate procedures should be used when the wingman is too far out of position, which would result in ineffective training.
• Initiation of a terminate call will start with the flight call sign; for example, “PAIN Flight, terminate.” Flight members transmitting their position number, in order, in the following format: “PAIN 1, Terminate,” “PAIN 2, Terminate.” If any flight member fails to respond correctly, the sequence should be initiated again.
• Upon hearing a terminate call, participating aircraft will clear their flightpath, cease maneuvering, and acknowledge with their call sign. Lead will maintain a predictable flightpath
AFMAN11-247 8.12.10 & 8.12.11
- What is windshear?
Windshear is a change of wind speed and or direction over a short distance along the flight path.
TO 1T-1A-1 (7-4)
- How is severe windshear defined?
Severe windshear is that which produces airspeed changes greater than 15 knots or vertical speed changes greater than 500 feet per minute.
TO 1T-1A-1 (7-4)
- What are some conditions that might indicate windshear?
If severe windshear is indicated, delay
takeoff or do not continue an approach. Conditions which may indicate windshear are:
• thunderstorm activity and associated gust front (may be indicated by blowing debris or dust)
• virga (rain that evaporates before reaching the ground)
• frontal passage (may be indicated by large amounts of blowing debris or dust)
• large temperature inversions
• pireps
• low level windshear alerting system LLWAS) warnings
TO 1T-1A-1 (7-5)
4.What is gain shear?
If actual groundspeed exceeds reference groundspeed, the pilot can expect a decreasing tailwind condition or gain shear during the approach.
TO 1T-1A-1 (7-5)
- What is loss shear?
If actual groundspeed is less than reference groundspeed, the pilot can expect a decreasing headwind condition or loss shear during the approach.
TO 1T-1A-1 (7-5)
- What should you do if you must takeoff into windshear conditions?
Use the longest suitable runway that avoids suspected areas of windshear. The choice of runway should include consideration of after takeoff obstacle clearance, crosswind and tailwind limitations, and runway surface conditions. Use 10
degrees flaps for takeoff. Determine takeoff speeds for actual takeoff conditions. If performance data allows, increase the rotation speed up to 10 knots, but do not reset the airspeed bugs. Rotate to normal initial climb attitude at the increased VROT and maintain that attitude.
(W) If acceptable takeoff performance can only be
achieved by selecting 0 degrees flaps and/or
ACM off, takeoff in the presence of potential
windshear is not recommended. Windshear conditions will quickly negate these minor performance enhancements.
TO 1T-1A-1 (7-5)
- What is reference groundspeed?
Reference groundspeed is the expected groundspeed on final at approach speed in a no-shear condition.
TO 1T-1A-1 (7-5)
- How is reference groundspeed computed?
Reference groundspeed is computed by subtracting the surface headwind component (adding tailwind component) from approach true airspeed. When actual groundspeed differs from reference groundspeed, wind change or shear will occur during approach.
TO 1T-1A-1 (7-5)
- During an approach in loss shear conditions should you attempt to maintain Vref or reference groundspeed?
EXAMPLE 1: Decreasing Headwind (Loss Shear)
FMS Wind………………………………………………290/35
Surface Wind ………………………………………….290/15
Landing RWY ………………………………………………29
Procedure:
Approach Speed ……………………………….. 125 KIAS
Reference Groundspeed ………………………115 knots
Hypothetical approach TAS (130) minus surface headwind component (15) equals reference groundspeed (115).
Actual Groundspeed …………………………….. 95 knots
Accelerate to 145 KIAS initially to maintain 115 knots groundspeed. Maintaining the reference groundspeed provides the necessary energy to penetrate the shear safely or go-around.
TO 1T-1A-1 (7-5)
