Minerals and Vitamins

Question 1

Susceptible groups of Folate deficiency

Answer 1

=pregnant women
-elderly
alcoholics
pts taking long term medications
(anticonvulsant and oral contraceptives may interfere with folate absorption)

Question 2

B9 is precursor of what cofactor?

Answer 2

THF

Question 3

What nucleotides have decreased synthesis with folate deficiency? B12 deficiency?

Answer 3

purines and dTMP; purines and dTMP still because of folate trap

Question 4

Which coenzyme is needed in methionine synthesis?

Answer 4

B12

Question 5

Which coenzyme is needed in THE CONVERSION of methlymlonyl co A to succinl coA

Answer 5

B12

Question 6

Who is at risk for B12 deficiency?

Answer 6

Elderly
Patients with malabsorption diseases
Long-term vegetarians

Question 7

Which water -soluble vitamin has capacity to e stored in the liver for up to 6 years

Answer 7

Vit b12

Question 8

Which macrominerals are critical for fluid homeostasis and neuromuscular function?

Answer 8

K+, Na+ and Cl-

Question 9

Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Answer 9

Ca

Question 10

Who is at risk for low Ca

Answer 10

Children, adult women, elderly

Question 11

What is basic mineral component of bones and teeth

Answer 11

Hydroxyapatite

Question 12

Mg deficiency symptoms include…

Answer 12

Neuromuscular: weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia

Question 13

What cells enzymes require more Mg?

Answer 13

Those that use MgATP as their substrates for transporters (like ATP synthase, sod/potassATPase, SERCA Ca pump which recognize ATP only when Mg is present)

Question 14

Mg deficiency susceptible groups includ

Answer 14

alcoholics

patients taking diuretics/ experiencing vomiting/diarrhea- much Fe loss

Question 15

Which mineral is a constituent of nucleic acids and membrane lipids but has a low risk of having low levels in the body?

Answer 15

Phospphorous

Question 16

Who is at risk for Iron deficiency?

Answer 16

children and menstruating women
pregnant women (high levels are needed)
elderly (because absorption is compromised)

Question 17

What are the main functions of Fe?

Answer 17

Redox Rxns
Hb o2/co2 transport
ox/phos
cofactor in nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes

Question 18

ferric to ferrous reduction is promoted by what vitamin?

Answer 18

VIT C

Question 19

How is ferric iron made bioavailable in the stomach?

Answer 19

by the low pH

Question 20

What moleucle signals iron sufficiency and prevents export of Fe2 from the duodenal mucosal cell to the blood by downregulation of the exporter

Answer 20

Hepcidin

Question 21

In microcytic anemia, describe the RBC pattern of synthesis/growth

Answer 21

They undergo more cell division in bone marrow waiting for Hb syntheiss

They become small and pale

Question 22

What is hemochromatosis?

Answer 22

a genetic defect in Fe metabolism that causes long term iron overload that leads to iron depsisits in multiple tissues

Organs that can be compromised include liver, pancreas, and heart

Question 23

What protein oxidiszes ferrous iron to help it to bind to trransferrin for distuibution? What mineral is required for its function?

Answer 23

Ceruloplasmin; Copper

Question 24

A deficiency of the enzyme C12, delta 9 desaturase will lead to what illness? What is the cofactor for this enzyme?

Answer 24

Hypercholestorelemia; Copper

Question 25

What minerals are need for collagen syntheiss by the enzyme lysyl oxidase?

Answer 25

Vitamin C and Cu

Question 26

Why does consuming excess zinc lead to a copper deficiency?

Answer 26

The two minerals compete for the same transporter for uptake

Question 27

Who is at risk for copper deficiency?

Answer 27

Those with Menkes syndrome- mutation in Cu transporter, ATP7A, an ATPase

Question 28

What protective function does copper have?

Answer 28

elimination of ROS (it is also involved in fatty acid metabolism)

Question 29

Copper Deficiency Symptoms include :

Answer 29

``` Anemia Hypercholesterolemia Fragility of long artereis bone demineralization demyyelantion ```

Question 30

Copper overload can lead to what symptoms and disease?

Answer 30

- Cu is not sequestedered properly and accumulates in the liver and nervous system

Question 31

Who is at risk for zinc deficiency?

Answer 31

- alcoholics - elderly - peopl ewith malabsorption of kidney disease

Question 32

what is earliest symptom of zn deficiency?>

Answer 32

Dermatitis

Question 33

What is chromium used for in the body?

Answer 33

it is a component of the chromodulin which facilates insulin bing to its receptor

Question 34

Who is at risk for chromium deficiency?

Answer 34

those with impaired glucos tolerance (people with IR)

Question 35

what is goiter?

Answer 35

enlarged thyroid often due to a deficiency in Iodine

Question 36

What are two main symmptosm of I deficiency?

Answer 36

goiter and /or hyper/hypothyroidsm

Question 37

Which mineral is a part of antioxidant enzymes, likes glutathione peroxidase and deodinase enzymes?

Answer 37

Selenium

Question 38

Who is at risk for selenium deficiency?

Answer 38

people who live in areas with little selenium in soil

Question 39

Corticosteroids are associated with what vitamin/nutrient deficiency/?

Answer 39

Vitamin D/Ca Zn K+

Question 40

Diureticsare associated with what vitamin/nutrient deficiency/?

Answer 40

Potassium | Zn

Question 41

What is main function of Niacin?

Answer 41

precursor of NAD and NADP for energy metabolism

Question 42

what vitamins are sued with statins to treat hypercholestermia?

Answer 42

Niacin

Question 43

who is susceptible for riboflavin deficiency?

Answer 43

alcholics because deficiency is raer

Question 44

UV converts what reaction in vitamin d synthesis?

Answer 44

7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol

Question 45

what are the two preformed vitamin d molecules?

Answer 45

Ergocalciferol(D2) and cholecalciferol (D3)

Question 46

Where is calcidiol formed?

Answer 46

liver

Question 47

Where is calcitriol formed?

Answer 47

kidney

Question 48

what two nutrient deficiencies lead to microcytic anemia ?

Answer 48

iron and copper