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Pathology > Minerals and Vitamins > Flashcards

Minerals and Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Susceptible groups of Folate deficiency

A 
=pregnant women
-elderly
alcoholics
pts taking long term medications
(anticonvulsant and oral contraceptives may interfere with folate absorption)
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2
Q

B9 is precursor of what cofactor?

A

THF

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3
Q

What nucleotides have decreased synthesis with folate deficiency? B12 deficiency?

A

purines and dTMP; purines and dTMP still because of folate trap

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4
Q

Which coenzyme is needed in methionine synthesis?

A

B12

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5
Q

Which coenzyme is needed in THE CONVERSION of methlymlonyl co A to succinl coA

A

B12

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6
Q

Who is at risk for B12 deficiency?

A

Elderly
Patients with malabsorption diseases
Long-term vegetarians

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7
Q

Which water -soluble vitamin has capacity to e stored in the liver for up to 6 years

A

Vit b12

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8
Q

Which macrominerals are critical for fluid homeostasis and neuromuscular function?

A

K+, Na+ and Cl-

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9
Q

Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Ca

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10
Q

Who is at risk for low Ca

A

Children, adult women, elderly

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11
Q

What is basic mineral component of bones and teeth

A

Hydroxyapatite

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12
Q

Mg deficiency symptoms include…

A

Neuromuscular: weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia

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13
Q

What cells enzymes require more Mg?

A

Those that use MgATP as their substrates for transporters (like ATP synthase, sod/potassATPase, SERCA Ca pump which recognize ATP only when Mg is present)

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14
Q

Mg deficiency susceptible groups includ

A

alcoholics

patients taking diuretics/ experiencing vomiting/diarrhea- much Fe loss

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15
Q

Which mineral is a constituent of nucleic acids and membrane lipids but has a low risk of having low levels in the body?

A

Phospphorous

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16
Q

Who is at risk for Iron deficiency?

A

children and menstruating women
pregnant women (high levels are needed)
elderly (because absorption is compromised)

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17
Q

What are the main functions of Fe?

A

Redox Rxns
Hb o2/co2 transport
ox/phos
cofactor in nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes

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18
Q

ferric to ferrous reduction is promoted by what vitamin?

A

VIT C

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19
Q

How is ferric iron made bioavailable in the stomach?

A

by the low pH

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20
Q

What moleucle signals iron sufficiency and prevents export of Fe2 from the duodenal mucosal cell to the blood by downregulation of the exporter

A

Hepcidin

21
Q

In microcytic anemia, describe the RBC pattern of synthesis/growth

A

They undergo more cell division in bone marrow waiting for Hb syntheiss

They become small and pale

22
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

a genetic defect in Fe metabolism that causes long term iron overload that leads to iron depsisits in multiple tissues

Organs that can be compromised include liver, pancreas, and heart

23
Q

What protein oxidiszes ferrous iron to help it to bind to trransferrin for distuibution? What mineral is required for its function?

A

Ceruloplasmin; Copper

24
Q

A deficiency of the enzyme C12, delta 9 desaturase will lead to what illness? What is the cofactor for this enzyme?

A

Hypercholestorelemia; Copper

25
Q

What minerals are need for collagen syntheiss by the enzyme lysyl oxidase?

A

Vitamin C and Cu

26
Q

Why does consuming excess zinc lead to a copper deficiency?

A

The two minerals compete for the same transporter for uptake

27
Q

Who is at risk for copper deficiency?

A

Those with Menkes syndrome- mutation in Cu transporter, ATP7A, an ATPase

28
Q

What protective function does copper have?

A

elimination of ROS (it is also involved in fatty acid metabolism)

29
Q

Copper Deficiency Symptoms include :

A 
Anemia 
Hypercholesterolemia
Fragility of long artereis
bone demineralization
demyyelantion
30
Q

Copper overload can lead to what symptoms and disease?

A
  • Cu is not sequestedered properly and accumulates in the liver and nervous system
31
Q

Who is at risk for zinc deficiency?

A
  • alcoholics
  • elderly
  • peopl ewith malabsorption of kidney disease
32
Q

what is earliest symptom of zn deficiency?>

A

Dermatitis

33
Q

What is chromium used for in the body?

A

it is a component of the chromodulin which facilates insulin bing to its receptor

34
Q

Who is at risk for chromium deficiency?

A

those with impaired glucos tolerance (people with IR)

35
Q

what is goiter?

A

enlarged thyroid often due to a deficiency in Iodine

36
Q

What are two main symmptosm of I deficiency?

A

goiter and /or hyper/hypothyroidsm

37
Q

Which mineral is a part of antioxidant enzymes, likes glutathione peroxidase and deodinase enzymes?

A

Selenium

38
Q

Who is at risk for selenium deficiency?

A

people who live in areas with little selenium in soil

39
Q

Corticosteroids are associated with what vitamin/nutrient deficiency/?

A

Vitamin D/Ca
Zn
K+

40
Q

Diureticsare associated with what vitamin/nutrient deficiency/?

A

Potassium

Zn

41
Q

What is main function of Niacin?

A

precursor of NAD and NADP for energy metabolism

42
Q

what vitamins are sued with statins to treat hypercholestermia?

A

Niacin

43
Q

who is susceptible for riboflavin deficiency?

A

alcholics because deficiency is raer

44
Q

UV converts what reaction in vitamin d synthesis?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol

45
Q

what are the two preformed vitamin d molecules?

A

Ergocalciferol(D2) and cholecalciferol (D3)

46
Q

Where is calcidiol formed?

A

liver

47
Q

Where is calcitriol formed?

A

kidney

48
Q

what two nutrient deficiencies lead to microcytic anemia ?

A

iron and copper

Pathology (30 decks)

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