Minerals and Vitamins Flashcards
Susceptible groups of Folate deficiency
=pregnant women -elderly alcoholics pts taking long term medications (anticonvulsant and oral contraceptives may interfere with folate absorption)
B9 is precursor of what cofactor?
THF
What nucleotides have decreased synthesis with folate deficiency? B12 deficiency?
purines and dTMP; purines and dTMP still because of folate trap
Which coenzyme is needed in methionine synthesis?
B12
Which coenzyme is needed in THE CONVERSION of methlymlonyl co A to succinl coA
B12
Who is at risk for B12 deficiency?
Elderly
Patients with malabsorption diseases
Long-term vegetarians
Which water -soluble vitamin has capacity to e stored in the liver for up to 6 years
Vit b12
Which macrominerals are critical for fluid homeostasis and neuromuscular function?
K+, Na+ and Cl-
Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Ca
Who is at risk for low Ca
Children, adult women, elderly
What is basic mineral component of bones and teeth
Hydroxyapatite
Mg deficiency symptoms include…
Neuromuscular: weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia
What cells enzymes require more Mg?
Those that use MgATP as their substrates for transporters (like ATP synthase, sod/potassATPase, SERCA Ca pump which recognize ATP only when Mg is present)
Mg deficiency susceptible groups includ
alcoholics
patients taking diuretics/ experiencing vomiting/diarrhea- much Fe loss
Which mineral is a constituent of nucleic acids and membrane lipids but has a low risk of having low levels in the body?
Phospphorous
Who is at risk for Iron deficiency?
children and menstruating women
pregnant women (high levels are needed)
elderly (because absorption is compromised)
What are the main functions of Fe?
Redox Rxns
Hb o2/co2 transport
ox/phos
cofactor in nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes
ferric to ferrous reduction is promoted by what vitamin?
VIT C
How is ferric iron made bioavailable in the stomach?
by the low pH
What moleucle signals iron sufficiency and prevents export of Fe2 from the duodenal mucosal cell to the blood by downregulation of the exporter
Hepcidin
In microcytic anemia, describe the RBC pattern of synthesis/growth
They undergo more cell division in bone marrow waiting for Hb syntheiss
They become small and pale
What is hemochromatosis?
a genetic defect in Fe metabolism that causes long term iron overload that leads to iron depsisits in multiple tissues
Organs that can be compromised include liver, pancreas, and heart
What protein oxidiszes ferrous iron to help it to bind to trransferrin for distuibution? What mineral is required for its function?
Ceruloplasmin; Copper
A deficiency of the enzyme C12, delta 9 desaturase will lead to what illness? What is the cofactor for this enzyme?
Hypercholestorelemia; Copper
What minerals are need for collagen syntheiss by the enzyme lysyl oxidase?
Vitamin C and Cu
Why does consuming excess zinc lead to a copper deficiency?
The two minerals compete for the same transporter for uptake
Who is at risk for copper deficiency?
Those with Menkes syndrome- mutation in Cu transporter, ATP7A, an ATPase
What protective function does copper have?
elimination of ROS (it is also involved in fatty acid metabolism)
Copper Deficiency Symptoms include :
Anemia Hypercholesterolemia Fragility of long artereis bone demineralization demyyelantion
Copper overload can lead to what symptoms and disease?
- Cu is not sequestedered properly and accumulates in the liver and nervous system
Who is at risk for zinc deficiency?
- alcoholics
- elderly
- peopl ewith malabsorption of kidney disease
what is earliest symptom of zn deficiency?>
Dermatitis
What is chromium used for in the body?
it is a component of the chromodulin which facilates insulin bing to its receptor
Who is at risk for chromium deficiency?
those with impaired glucos tolerance (people with IR)
what is goiter?
enlarged thyroid often due to a deficiency in Iodine
What are two main symmptosm of I deficiency?
goiter and /or hyper/hypothyroidsm
Which mineral is a part of antioxidant enzymes, likes glutathione peroxidase and deodinase enzymes?
Selenium
Who is at risk for selenium deficiency?
people who live in areas with little selenium in soil
Corticosteroids are associated with what vitamin/nutrient deficiency/?
Vitamin D/Ca
Zn
K+
Diureticsare associated with what vitamin/nutrient deficiency/?
Potassium
Zn
What is main function of Niacin?
precursor of NAD and NADP for energy metabolism
what vitamins are sued with statins to treat hypercholestermia?
Niacin
who is susceptible for riboflavin deficiency?
alcholics because deficiency is raer
UV converts what reaction in vitamin d synthesis?
7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol
what are the two preformed vitamin d molecules?
Ergocalciferol(D2) and cholecalciferol (D3)
Where is calcidiol formed?
liver
Where is calcitriol formed?
kidney
what two nutrient deficiencies lead to microcytic anemia ?
iron and copper
