ENDOCRINE Flashcards
What is the origin and consequence of a craniopharyngioma?
Origin: Above sella turcica from remnants of Rathke Puoch
Consequence: cystic mass with compression of adjacent tissues causing destruction of the posterior lobe of the pituitary
Imaging: mass replaces midline structure sin the region of the hypothalamus
SIADH is associated with what carcinomas?
small cell carcinoma of lung prostate carcinoma GI carcinoma pancreatic carcinoma thymoma lymphoma Hodgkin disease
What are the major clinical manifestations of Sheehan syndrome?
PALLOR (decreased MSH) HYPOTHYROIDISM (decreased TSH) OVARIAN FAILURE (decreased FSH and LH) FAILURE OF LACTATION (decreased Prolactin) ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Acromegaly symptoms
thickened skin Facial Changes Goiter Barrel Chest abnormal glucose tolerance male sexual dysfunction menstrual disorders in women degenerative arthritis peripheral neuropathy
What are the symptoms of functional lactotrope adenoma?
Amenorrhea
Galactorrhea
Infertility
What is most commonly used goitotrogenic drug?
Lithium (used in the management of manic-depressive states)
What is Endemic goiter?
Goitrous hypothyroidism of dietary iodine deficiency in locales with a high prevalence of the disease
somatotrope adenoma
growht hormone-secreting tumor of the pituitary
What are some pathological processes that result from a somatotrope adenoma?
Acromegaly (many with neurological and msk symptoms/ some with HTN) Gigantism (in children) Menstrual irregularities in women Diabetes Mellitus Headache Optic Chiasm compression
What is used to treat lactotroph microadenomas
Dopamine agonists
What is Adrenogenital syndrome? what is it’s cause?
Virilization of external genitalia in female infants (pseudohermaphroditism)
Appearance: hypertrophic clitoris and parital fusion of labioscrotal folds in a genetic female
caused by congenital deficiency of 21-hydroxylase
What hormones increase in 21 Hydroxylase deficiency?
Adrenal androgens and progesterone
What congenital anomalies are seen in DiGeorge Syndrome?
Failure to develop 3rd and 4th Branchial pouches result int he following
Parathyroid Agenesis/Hypoplasia
Thymus Agenesis/Hypoplasia
Congenital Heart Defects
Dysmorphic faces
What is characteristic phenotype of Albright hereditary Osteodystrophy?
Short stature obesity mental retardation subcutaneous calcification congenital anomalies of the bone
What genetic abnormality and consequent pathology is seen in Albright Hereditary Osteodystophy?
Mutations in a gene (GNAS1) whose product, the protein, Gs, couples hormone receptors on the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase.
Consequently, in the renal tubular epithelium, the production of cAMP in response to PTH is impaired, and inadequate resorption of calcium from the glomerular filtrate. This causes Psuedohypoparathyroidism
What mental changes are often observed in cases of hyperparathyroidism?
Depression
Emotional Liability
Poor Mentation
Memory Defects
Describe a parathyroid adenoma microscopically and macroscopically/on gross exam.
Micro: Sheets of neoplastic CHIEF CELLS in a rich capillary network. A rim of normal parathyroid tissue is usually evident outside the tumor capsule and distinguises adenoma from parathyroid hyperplasia
Macro: Circumscribed, reddish brown, solitary mass, measuring 1 to 3 cm in diameter
What are common causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Most common cause: Renal failure
- Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is a major cause of renal Insufficiency
Other causes: Vitamin D Deficiency
Intestinal malabsorption
Fanconi Syndrome
Renal Tubular Acidosis
What diseases are seen with MEN-2A affected patients? What is cause?
C-cell derived medullary thyroid carcinoma
Chromaffin cell-derived pheochromocytoma
Hirschspring Dieases (Congenital Megacolon)
Nueroal Crest Tumors (eg. glioma)
Cause: Mutations of the RET protooncogene, a transmembrane receptor of the tyrosine kinase family
What diseases are seen with MEN-1 affected patients? What is cause?
Pituitary Adenoma
Parathyroid Hyperplasia or Adenoma
Islet Cell Tumors of the Pancreas (Insulinoma and gastrinoma)
Cause: Mutation of the MEN 1 tumor suppressor gene
What is the most common cause of neonatal hypothroidism today?
Thyroid Agenesis
What are symptoms of cretinism in a newborn?
Early Weeks: Umbilical Herniation and Large Abdomen Sluggish Low body temperature Refractory Anemia
Later Weeks:
Mental Retardation Stunted Growth
Charactersitic facies
Describe Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica. What are the symptoms?
Severe bone deformities
“Brown Tumor” Formation(of Hyperparathyroidism)
Symptoms: Bone Pain Bone Cysts Pathologic Fractures Localized Bone Sewllings (brown tumors)
What are dominant clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
In both sexes: Muscular Weakness Peripheral Edema "Myxedema Madness" Pallor Enlarged Tongue
In females:
Ovulatory Failure
Progesterone Deficiency
Irregular and Excessive Menstrual Bleeding
In males:
Erectile Dysfunction
Oligospermia