minerals Flashcards
What is required for collagen formation?
Collagen formation requires protein, Vitamin C, iron, copper, and zinc.
What are major minerals and some examples?
Major minerals are required in large amounts and include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and chloride.
How does salivary calcium help with oral health?
It acts as a buffer against caries.
What are minor minerals and some examples?
Minor minerals are required in smaller amounts and include iron, zinc, copper, iodine, fluoride, manganese, selenium, chromium, and molybdenum.
How are calcium levels related to phosphorus?
They are inversely related—if one increases, the other decreases.
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium.
What are the physiological roles of calcium?
Forms and maintains bones and teeth, aids in blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, activates enzymes, and maintains membrane permeability.
What percentage of calcium is found in bones and teeth?
99%.
What are the sources of calcium?
Dairy, animal products, plant-based sources, fortified foods (soy, orange juice).
What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?
Phosphorus.
What is calcium toxicity called?
Hypercalcemia.
What is a calcium deficiency called?
Hypocalcemia, which can lead to rickets, osteomalacia, or osteoporosis.
What can cause calcium deficiency?
Poor dietary intake, lactose intolerance, soda consumption.
What percentage of phosphorus is found in bones and teeth?
85%.
What are the physiological roles of phosphorus?
Bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nerve function, DNA/RNA components, energy metabolism, acid-base balance regulation.
What are the sources of phosphorus?
Animal proteins, dairy, food additives (baked goods, processed meats, soft drinks).
What percentage of magnesium is found in bones?
⅔ of magnesium is found in bones.
What is phosphorus toxicity called?
Hyperphosphatemia.
What is a phosphorus deficiency caused by?
Long-term use of aluminum hydroxide antacids, celiac disease, and leads to incomplete tooth calcification, dentin defects, and increased caries risk.
What are the sources of magnesium?
Dark leafy greens, whole grains, nuts, chocolate, bananas.
Is phosphorus deficiency common?
No, it’s rare due to abundance in food.
What can phosphorus toxicity lead to?
Kidney dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, and renal insufficiency.
What is the third most abundant mineral in teeth?
Magnesium.
Is magnesium toxicity common?
No, it’s uncommon from food but possible with kidney failure.
What are the physiological roles of magnesium?
Maintains calcium homeostasis, prevents skeletal abnormalities, cofactor for 300 enzymes, DNA/RNA synthesis, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction (especially heart), regulates blood pressure, and stroke prevention.
What are the symptoms of magnesium toxicity?
Diarrhea, nausea, cramping.
What causes magnesium deficiency?
Rare, but can occur in alcoholics.
What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?
Alveolar bone fragility, gingival hypertrophy, cardiac dysrhythmias, neuromuscular hyperexcitability.
What is the toxicity of fluoride?
Dental fluorosis (mottled enamel) and adverse effects on skeletal tissue and kidneys.
Is fluoride an essential nutrient?
No, it has no metabolic function but is vital for dental and bone health.
What is the deficiency of fluoride linked to?
Increased susceptibility to dental caries.
What are the physiological roles of fluoride?
Forms fluorapatite in teeth, maintains dental and bone health, inhibits Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus, stimulates osteoblasts for bone growth.
What are the sources of fluoride?
Water fluoridation, seafood, brewed tea, fluoridated bottled drinks, topical sources (gels, foams, varnishes, toothpaste, mouth rinses).
