fluid and minerals Flashcards
What are the physiologic roles of water?
Maintains body fluids, aids in respiration and organ function, removes waste, regulates temperature, supports acid-base balance, and acts as a solvent.
What are sources of water?
Tap water, bottled water, coffee, tea, energy drinks, soft drinks, sports drinks.
How is water regulated in the body?
Lost through urination, perspiration, expiration, and defecation. Thirst signals dehydration.
What causes Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)?
Congestive heart failure, renal failure, liver disease, high steroid levels.
What are symptoms of Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)?
Rapid weight gain, puffy eyelids, distended neck veins, high blood pressure.
What causes Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)?
Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive urination, sweating.
What are symptoms of Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)?
Dry tongue with fissures, xerostomia, oral mucosa shrinkage, decreased skin turgor, reduced urine output.
What are the functions of sodium?
Maintains water balance, regulates acid-base balance, aids nerve and muscle function.
What is sodium deficiency called?
Hyponatremia.
What are symptoms of hyponatremia?
Nausea, abdominal cramps, headache, confusion.
What is sodium excess called?
Hypernatremia.
What are symptoms of hypernatremia?
Extreme thirst, dry mucosa, fever, convulsions.
What are sodium sources?
Table salt, meat, seafood, cheese, milk, bread, vegetables.
What are the functions of chloride?
Aids digestion, creates acidic environment, inhibits bacterial growth, enhances iron, calcium, and vitamin B12 absorption, maintains water/electrolyte balance.
What causes chloride deficiency?
Excess sweating, chronic diarrhea, renal failure.
What causes chloride excess?
High salt intake, dehydration, renal failure, Cushing syndrome.
What is the primary chloride source?
Table salt.
What are the functions of potassium?
Maintains fluid-electrolyte balance, supports nerve transmission and muscle contraction (including heart), reduces blood pressure effects of sodium, reduces kidney stones and bone loss.
What causes hypokalemia?
Sweating, diabetic acidosis, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics.
What is potassium deficiency called?
Hypokalemia.
What are symptoms of hypokalemia?
Muscle weakness, leg cramps, ECG changes.
What is potassium excess called?
Hyperkalemia.
What causes hyperkalemia?
Impaired renal function, increased potassium intake.
What are potassium sources?
Dairy, meat, grains, bananas, vegetables, processed foods, potassium supplements.
What is iron deficiency called?
Anemia.
What are the functions of iron?
Component of hemoglobin and enzymes for energy metabolism, collagen synthesis, vitamin A conversion from beta-carotene.
What are oral signs of iron deficiency?
Pallor of lips/oral mucosa, angular cheilitis, patchy tongue, glossitis, increased risk of candidiasis.
What are symptoms of iron deficiency?
Fatigue.
What are iron sources?
Egg yolk, meats, liver, dark-green vegetables, dried fruits.
What are the functions of zinc?
Component of over 300 enzymes, essential for cell growth, DNA/RNA synthesis, collagen synthesis, bone remodeling, taste/smell, and wound healing.
Why is zinc important?
It is the most important essential trace mineral for humans.
What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
Loss of taste/smell, poor appetite, flattened filiform papillae, increased periodontal disease risk, impaired wound healing.
What are sources of zinc?
Lamb, beef, oysters, eggs, whole grains.
Who is at high risk for zinc deficiency?
Older adults, vegans, individuals with chronic illnesses.
What is the primary function of iodine?
Essential for thyroid hormone production (thyroxine), which regulates basal metabolism.
What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency?
Goiter (thyroid gland inflammation), delayed tooth eruption, enlarged tongue, cretinism.
What are the effects of excess iodine?
Thyroid disorders, hypersensitivity reactions.
What are sources of iodine?
Seafood, plants grown near the ocean, yogurt, milk, iodized salt.
