fluid and minerals

Question 1

What are the physiologic roles of water?

Answer 1

Maintains body fluids, aids in respiration and organ function, removes waste, regulates temperature, supports acid-base balance, and acts as a solvent.

Question 2

What are sources of water?

Answer 2

Tap water, bottled water, coffee, tea, energy drinks, soft drinks, sports drinks.

Question 3

How is water regulated in the body?

Answer 3

Lost through urination, perspiration, expiration, and defecation. Thirst signals dehydration.

Question 4

What causes Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)?

Answer 4

Congestive heart failure, renal failure, liver disease, high steroid levels.

Question 5

What are symptoms of Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)?

Answer 5

Rapid weight gain, puffy eyelids, distended neck veins, high blood pressure.

Question 6

What causes Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)?

Answer 6

Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive urination, sweating.

Question 7

What are symptoms of Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)?

Answer 7

Dry tongue with fissures, xerostomia, oral mucosa shrinkage, decreased skin turgor, reduced urine output.

Question 8

What are the functions of sodium?

Answer 8

Maintains water balance, regulates acid-base balance, aids nerve and muscle function.

Question 9

What is sodium deficiency called?

Answer 9

Hyponatremia.

Question 10

What are symptoms of hyponatremia?

Answer 10

Nausea, abdominal cramps, headache, confusion.

Question 11

What is sodium excess called?

Answer 11

Hypernatremia.

Question 12

What are symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 12

Extreme thirst, dry mucosa, fever, convulsions.

Question 13

What are sodium sources?

Answer 13

Table salt, meat, seafood, cheese, milk, bread, vegetables.

Question 14

What are the functions of chloride?

Answer 14

Aids digestion, creates acidic environment, inhibits bacterial growth, enhances iron, calcium, and vitamin B12 absorption, maintains water/electrolyte balance.

Question 15

What causes chloride deficiency?

Answer 15

Excess sweating, chronic diarrhea, renal failure.

Question 15

What causes chloride excess?

Answer 15

High salt intake, dehydration, renal failure, Cushing syndrome.

Question 15

What is the primary chloride source?

Answer 15

Table salt.

Question 16

What are the functions of potassium?

Answer 16

Maintains fluid-electrolyte balance, supports nerve transmission and muscle contraction (including heart), reduces blood pressure effects of sodium, reduces kidney stones and bone loss.

Question 17

What causes hypokalemia?

Answer 17

Sweating, diabetic acidosis, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics.

Question 17

What is potassium deficiency called?

Answer 17

Hypokalemia.

Question 18

What are symptoms of hypokalemia?

Answer 18

Muscle weakness, leg cramps, ECG changes.

Question 18

What is potassium excess called?

Answer 18

Hyperkalemia.

Question 19

What causes hyperkalemia?

Answer 19

Impaired renal function, increased potassium intake.

Question 20

What are potassium sources?

Answer 20

Dairy, meat, grains, bananas, vegetables, processed foods, potassium supplements.

Question 21

What is iron deficiency called?

Answer 21

Anemia.

Question 21

What are the functions of iron?

Answer 21

Component of hemoglobin and enzymes for energy metabolism, collagen synthesis, vitamin A conversion from beta-carotene.

Question 22

What are oral signs of iron deficiency?

Answer 22

Pallor of lips/oral mucosa, angular cheilitis, patchy tongue, glossitis, increased risk of candidiasis.

Question 23

What are symptoms of iron deficiency?

Answer 23

Fatigue.

Question 24

What are iron sources?

Answer 24

Egg yolk, meats, liver, dark-green vegetables, dried fruits.

Question 25

What are the functions of zinc?

Answer 25

Component of over 300 enzymes, essential for cell growth, DNA/RNA synthesis, collagen synthesis, bone remodeling, taste/smell, and wound healing.

Question 26

Why is zinc important?

Answer 26

It is the most important essential trace mineral for humans.

Question 27

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

Answer 27

Loss of taste/smell, poor appetite, flattened filiform papillae, increased periodontal disease risk, impaired wound healing.

Question 28

What are sources of zinc?

Answer 28

Lamb, beef, oysters, eggs, whole grains.

Question 29

Who is at high risk for zinc deficiency?

Answer 29

Older adults, vegans, individuals with chronic illnesses.

Question 30

What is the primary function of iodine?

Answer 30

Essential for thyroid hormone production (thyroxine), which regulates basal metabolism.

Question 31

What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency?

Answer 31

Goiter (thyroid gland inflammation), delayed tooth eruption, enlarged tongue, cretinism.

Question 32

What are the effects of excess iodine?

Answer 32

Thyroid disorders, hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 33

What are sources of iodine?

Answer 33

Seafood, plants grown near the ocean, yogurt, milk, iodized salt.