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nutrition > lipids > Flashcards

lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the energy provided by lipids?

A

Provides 9 cal/g of energy

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2
Q

What are calorie-dense foods high in?

A

High in fats and low in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.

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3
Q

What is the satiety value of fats?

A

Fats have a higher satiety value than carbohydrates or proteins because they are digested more slowly.

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4
Q

Why do fats have a higher satiety value?

A

Due to slower digestion of high-fat meals compared to other energy-containing nutrients.

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5
Q

How do lipids affect palatability?

A

Lipids improve the texture and flavor of foods during cooking.

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6
Q

What vitamins do lipids help carry?

A

fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.

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6
Q

When do people develop a preference for high-fat foods?

A

early age

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7
Q

What are the 5 roles of lipids?

A

Energy
Satiety (fullness) value
Palatability
Carry fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E and K
Fat Storage

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7
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids typically found?

A

foods containing fat

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8
Q

What is the role of adipose tissue in protecting organs?

A

surrounds vital organs, providing cushioning against shock or traumatic injury

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8
Q

How does adipose tissue help with body temperature?

A

The subcutaneous layer of fat functions as an insulator, preserving body heat and maintaining body temperature.

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9
Q

Chemical Composition of lipids

A

Monoglycerides = glycerol + one fatty acid
Diglycerides = glycerol + two fatty acids
Triglycerides = glycerol + three fatty acids
Short-chain fatty acids contain less than 6 carbon atoms
Medium-chain fatty acids contain 6 to 10 carbon atoms
Long-chain fatty acids contain 12 or more carbon atoms

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10
Q

Classification of Lipids

A

Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Steriod

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11
Q

What is the most common fat found in animal or protein foods?

A

Triglycerides

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12
Q

What is the primary form of fat in the body?

A

Triglycerides

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13
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol.

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14
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

A chain of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen atoms with an acid grouping on one end. They are the structural building blocks of lipids.

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15
Q

What is glycerol?

A

The alcohol portion of a triglyceride to which fatty acids are attached.

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16
Q

What are saturated fatty acids (SFAs)?

A

Carbon chains that hold the full number of hydrogen atoms with only single bonds.

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17
Q

What is the state of saturated fatty acids at room temperature?

A

They remain solid.

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18
Q

What effect do saturated fatty acids have on serum cholesterol levels?

A

increase

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19
Q

What role do palmitic and stearic acids play in the body?

A

structural components of tooth enamel and dentin

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19
Q

What are two common examples of saturated fatty acids?

A

Palmitic and stearic acids.

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20
Q

What do unsaturated fatty acids contain?

A

One point of unsaturation (less hydrogen bonds).

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21
Q

What is the physical state of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

They are viscous in form.

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22
Q

What effect do unsaturated fatty acids have on serum cholesterol levels?

A

They help maintain levels.

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23
Q

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with one set of double carbon bonds.

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24
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)?

A

A fatty acid with two or more double carbon bonds.

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25
Q

Name two examples of Polyunsaturated fatty acids.

A

Omega-6 fatty acids and Omega-3 fatty acids.

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26
Q

What is the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

Oleic acid.

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27
Q

What is oleic acid’s role in the body?

A

It is a structural component of the tooth.

28
Q

What process turns liquid oil into solid forms like Crisco or stick margarine?

A

Hydrogenation

29
Q

How does hydrogenation affect the oil?

A

It makes the oil more stable, allowing for reuse (e.g., in deep frying) and results in crispier fries.

30
Q

What effect does hydrogenation have on fatty acids?

A

It increases the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and changes the shape of the fatty acid.

31
Q

What defines a trans fatty acid?

A

When hydrogen atoms are rotated to opposite sides of the fatty acid chain.

32
Q

What are the two main types of omega fatty acids?

A

Omega-3 (linolenic acid) and Omega-6 (linoleic acid).

33
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize them.

34
Q

Where can omega-3 fatty acids be found?

A

Flaxseed, canola oil, soybean oil, walnuts, tuna, and salmon.

35
Q

What health benefit is associated with omega-3 fatty acids?

A

They have anti-cardiovascular disease properties.

36
Q

Where can omega-6 fatty acids be found?

A

In vegetable oils (the most prevalent PUFA in the food supply).

37
Q

What is the difference between Saturated Fatty Acids and Unsaturated Fatty Acids?

A

Saturated: Increase serum cholesterol levels, no double bond

Unsaturated: Maintain serum cholesterol levels, one or more double bonds

38
Q

Which type of fatty acids increase serum cholesterol levels?

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

39
Q

Which type of fatty acids maintain serum cholesterol levels?

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

40
Q

Which type of fatty acids decrease serum cholesterol levels?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

41
Q

What are sources of each fatty acid?

A

Saturated: beef, butter, coconut oil
Unaturated Trans: margarine, cream soup, puff pastry, chicken pie
Monounsaturated: olive, canola, peanut oil
Polyunsaturated: soybean, corn oil, fatty fish

42
Q

What is the chemical composition of phospholipids?

A

triglycerides but have a phosphorus molecule attached in place of one fatty acid.

43
Q

What is the role of phospholipids?

A

Important in fat absorption and transport of fats in the blood.
Structural component of cell membranes, tooth enamel, and dentin.
Involved in the initiation of calcification and mineralization in teeth and bones.

44
Q

Are phospholipids required in the diet?

A

No, the body makes enough phospholipids already.

45
Q

Where are phospholipids more abundant, enamel or dentin?

A

enamel

46
Q

What is cholesterol(sterol)?

A

lipid whose carbons form rings instead of chains. It contains no fatty acids.

47
Q

Where is cholesterol(sterol) found?

A

animal products.

48
Q

Is dietary cholesterol(sterol) necessary?

A

No, the body makes enough

49
Q

What can excessive cholesterol(sterol) lead to?

A

can form deposits in arterial walls, leading to atherosclerosis, which can cause heart attacks and strokes.

50
Q

What are some functions of cholesterol(sterol)?

A

It is a constituent of the brain, nervous tissue, and bile salts.
It serves as a precursor of vitamin D and steroid hormones.
It is a structural component of cell membranes and teeth.

51
Q

Name examples of steroid hormones derived from cholesterol(sterol).

A

Testosterone, estrogens, progesterones, cortisol, and cortisone.

52
Q

How are dietary fats essential for oral health?

A

Dietary fats are incorporated into tooth structure and are essential for oral health.

53
Q

Do dietary fats have a systemic or local influence on oral health?

A

local rather than systemic influence on oral health

54
Q

Can dietary fats have a cariostatic effect?

A

Yes, which helps in reducing the risk of cavities.

55
Q

How do fats added to food protect teeth?

A

Fats added to food protect the teeth more than foods naturally high in fat.

56
Q

What role do long-chain fatty acids play in tooth health?

A

Long-chain fatty acids may reduce the dissolution of hydroxyapatite by acids, which helps protect teeth.

57
Q

How does fat intake affect oral food retention?

A

Fat intake reduces oral food retention, which may help in maintaining oral hygiene.

58
Q

How do dietary fats affect gastric emptying?

A

Dietary fats delay gastric emptying, contributing to a slower digestion process.

59
Q

What role do bacterial inflammation and systemic immune response play in atherosclerosis?

A

initiation and propagation of atherosclerosis.

60
Q

How are periodontal diseases related to cardiovascular diseases?

A

Periodontal diseases are oral conditions that act as risk factors contributing to cardiovascular diseases.

61
Q

How can bacteria from dental plaque biofilm affect the bloodstream?

A

Bacteria from dental plaque biofilm can escape into the bloodstream, leading to blood clots and serving as a foundation for arterial plaques.

62
Q

Are omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish more effective than supplements for cardiovascular health?

A

Yes, but there is no cause-and-effect link established.

63
Q

What is the AMDR for fat in adults?

A

The AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for fat is 20% to 35% of energy intake for adults.

64
Q

What should be the intake of saturated fat, trans fat, and dietary cholesterol?

A

should be kept as low as possible while still consuming a nutritionally adequate diet.

65
Q

What are common sources of fat in the U.S. diet?

A

Fats and oils
Red meats, poultry, fish
Dairy products

66
Q

What do dietary guidelines emphasize about fat intake?

A

The focus should be on fewer calories and less saturated fat intake, rather than just reducing fat intake.

67
Q

Which foods contain cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is only found in animal products.
It is not found in egg whites or plant foods.
Highest in egg yolks, liver, and organ meats.

68
Q

What is the average cholesterol intake in the U.S.?

A

slightly above 300 mg

69
Q

What is Corneal Arcus

A

A greyish-white ring (or part of a ring) opacity occurring in the periphery of the cornea, in the middle and old age. It is due to a lipid infiltration of the corneal stroma. With age the condition progresses to form a complete ring. That ring is separated from the limbus by a zone of clear cornea.

70
Q

Is there a link between a high-fat diet and cancer?

A

Research continues, but there may be a possible link.

71
Q

Why is the percentage of fat by weight on food labels misleading?

A

Because it doesn’t provide a clear understanding of the nutritional value in terms of calorie content.

72
Q

Is it necessary to completely eliminate red meat from the diet?

A

No, a decrease in red meat consumption is probably desirable, but complete elimination is unnecessary.

nutrition (8 decks)

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