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NYCC Microbiology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what emergent disease is still confined to India, Southeast Asia, and Micronesia?

A

Nipah virus

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2
Q

what is the reason for Africa’s high rate of TB infection?

A

co-infection with HIV/AIDS

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3
Q

how many types of parainfluenza infect humans?

A

2

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4
Q

the number 2 point of entry into the body is the ____

A

gastrointestinal tract

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5
Q

control groups are always used in what type of epidemiological study?

A

analytical

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6
Q

the human system involved with the majority of hospital acquired infections is ____

A

urinary

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7
Q

psittacosis is commonly known as ____

A

parrot fever

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8
Q

the most common vector is ____

A

insects

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9
Q

the type of transmission that occurs when a pathogen “rides” water/food/air is called ____

A

vehicle

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10
Q

microbes that infect the genitourinary tract are sometimes referred to as ____

A

sexually transmitted diseases

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11
Q

mastoiditis is a potential complication of ____

A

otitis media

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12
Q

a hosts ability to mount an immune defense is ____

A

immunocompetence

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13
Q

the nation with the highest TB rates with immigration into the US is ____

A

mexico

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14
Q

lockjaw is the old-fashioned name for ____

A

tetanus

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15
Q

which virus entered the US in 1999 and now is found in all contiguous 48 states?

A

west nile

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16
Q

what respiratory infection may present with subconjunctival bleeding?

A

pertussis (whooping cough)

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17
Q

the number of individuals affected by a disease during a set period divided by the total population is called ____

A

morbidity rate

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18
Q

kochs postulates provide a template for ____

A

disease transmission and communicability

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19
Q

respiratory syncytial virus (does/does not) present with a cough

A

does NOT

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20
Q

what are 3 potential reservoirs of pathogens?

A

animals, humans & non-living surfaces

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21
Q

the deadliest of the viral hemorrhagic fever is ____

A

ebola

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22
Q

the continent with the highest number of TB infected persons is ____

A

africa

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23
Q

clostridia species produce some of the deadliest of the ____

A

neurotoxins

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24
Q

the associated mortality rate of untreated aspergillosis is ____

A

100%

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25
Q

what feature of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is destroyed in pertussis (whooping cough)?

A

cilia

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26
Q

enterotoxins work by damaging the lining of the ____

A

intestines

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27
Q

the test that is used to determine prion infections is the ____

A

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

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28
Q

the form of prion disease that is spread to and from humans via cannibalism is ____

A

kuru

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29
Q

which of the following types of epidemics is over more quickly: common source or propagated

A

common source

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30
Q

the types of epidemiological study concerned with the physical aspects of patients and the spread of disease is _____

A

descriptive

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31
Q

someone who is infectious but never shows signs or symptoms of illness is a ____

A

carrier

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32
Q

sin nombre virus is spread via ____

A

inhalation of dried rodent urine & feces

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33
Q

when symptoms develop slowly and the disease lasts a long time, the disease is said to be ____

A

chronic

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34
Q

a severe complication of untreated otitis media is ____

A

mastoiditis

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35
Q

a disease that has never been seen before is classified as ____

A

emerging

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36
Q

where does the lower respiratory tract begin from a microbiological perspective?

A

trachea

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37
Q

coccidiomycosis is also known as ____

A

valley fever

38
Q

where in the cell does a parainfluenza replicate?

A

cytoplasm

39
Q

a virus that is transmitted to a human host by an insect bite is called ____

A

arbovirus

40
Q

prions can be destroyed by ____

A

none of the above: cooking, disinfectants, autoclaving (resistant to all of these)

41
Q

early in the AIDS epidemic, infection with ____ was the only indicator signifying infection with HIV

A

pneumocytis

42
Q

in an illness, the first sign and symptoms appear in the ____

A

prodromal period

43
Q

what are reasons for the increase in TB?

A
  • co-infection with HIV/AIDS
  • increased immigration of infected persons
  • increased number of institutionalized elderly
    (all of the above)
44
Q

in an illness, the earliest period free of signs and symptoms is the ____

A

incubation period

45
Q

which nations have more cases of avian influenza in birds?

A

poorer nations

46
Q

diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans are called ____

A

zoonotic

47
Q

bacterial sinusitis is commonly misdiagnosed as ____

A

allergic rhinitis

48
Q

when an incidence of disease is higher than expected, it is called a ____ disease

A

epidemic

49
Q

the expected mortality rate of uncomplicated influenza is ____

A

0.1-2.5%

50
Q

ghon (is/is not) a test for TB

A

is NOT
(PPD skin test, chest film, sputum sample w acid-fast staining, biopsy)

51
Q

the most dangerous effect of endotoxin poisoning is ____

A

disseminated intravascular clotting

52
Q

lipid A is an ____

A

endotoxin

53
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are also known as ____

A

prions

54
Q

what serotype of influenza is associated with all influenza pandemics?

A

A

55
Q

the total number of people infected within a population at any given time is called ____

A

prevalence

56
Q

coiled macrophages are indicative of infection with ____

A

legionella pneumophila

57
Q

biological vector transmission involves ____

A

insects, bites

58
Q

when an uninfected person is exposed to a pathogen via touching an infected reservoir, the type of contact transmission has occurred is ____

A

direct

59
Q

there are ____ categories of bacteria toxins

A

2

60
Q

a place where a pathogen grows and accumulates is a ____

A

reservoir

61
Q

direct damage to the host is controlled by ____

A

the immune response

62
Q

which virus is known in the US as sin nombre?

A

Hanta

63
Q

a disease that occurs in epidemic proportions throughout the world is called a _____

A

pandemic

64
Q

walking pneumonia is the name given to an infection caused by ____

A

mycoplasma pneumonia

65
Q

hypercapnia is associated with ____ and is an ____ level of ____

A

RSV
elevated
CO2

66
Q

the ____ route refers to breaks in the skin that allow the passage of microbes

A

parenteral

67
Q

the reservoir for influenza is ____

A

aquatic birds

68
Q

the number one point of entry into the body is the ____

A

respiratory tract

69
Q

hemolysins are ____ that ____

A

exotoxins
destroy WBCs and RBCs

70
Q

what substance is found ONLY in the walls of all gram+ bacteria?

A

M proteins

71
Q

the majority of emerging diseases are caused by ____

A

viruses

72
Q

the most common normal flora to cause infection in both the upper and lower respiratory tract is ____

A

staphylococcus

73
Q

the most important part of the respiratory tract defense system is the ____

A

mucociliary escalator

74
Q

what are the components of triple antibiotic therapy for TB?

A
  • isoniazid (INH)
  • pyrazinamide (PZA)
  • rifampicin (RFP)
    (triple therapy cocktail)
75
Q

what type of study is predominantly concerned with cause and effect?

A

analytical

76
Q

when an uninfected individual inhales infected particulate matter expelled from an infected person, this type of transmission is called ____

A

droplet

77
Q

endotoxins are released from dead ____ bacteria in the form of ____

A

gram-
lipid A

78
Q

what genus of bacteria have mycolic acid in their cell walls?

A

mycobacterium

79
Q

the etiologic agent of Q fever is ____

A

coxiella

80
Q

in an illness, the highest chance of secondary infection occurs in what period?

A

period of decline

81
Q

what factors are contributing to emerging disease trends?

A
  • global travel
  • war
  • lack of vaccination
    (all of the above)
82
Q

what disease may present with a pseudomembrane composed of bacteria fibrin and cell debris?

A

diphtheria

83
Q

lipid A elicits…

A

a strong immune response

84
Q

what grows in the placenta of infected mammals?

A

coxiella

85
Q

a common complication of untreated sinus blockage is ____

A

sinusitis

86
Q

croup is also known as ____

A

parainfluenza

87
Q

____ is commonly known as strep throat

A

pharyngitis

88
Q

what is the correct order of pertussis?

A
  • prodromal
  • catarrhal
  • paroxysmal
  • covalescence
89
Q

an infection acquired after being treated in a hospital or clinical setting is ____

A

nosocomial

90
Q

patient zero is most commonly associated with ____

A

propagated epidemic disease

91
Q

an accumulation of bacteria residing on a surface is known as ____

A

biofilm

92
Q

the number of new cases of a disease contracted within a set population during a specific timeframe is called ____

A

incidence

NYCC Microbiology (17 decks)

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