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NYCC Microbiology > 5 Parasitology > Flashcards

5 Parasitology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define parasitism

A

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the host

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2
Q

name 2 general types of parasites

A

endoparasite
ectoparasite

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3
Q

endoparasites are found ____

A

internally

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4
Q

ectoparasites are found ____

A

on skin & hair (eg. lice, fleas, ticks)

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5
Q

name 2 groupings of parasites

A

protozoans
helminths

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6
Q

name 3 characteristics of protozoa

A
  • eukaryotes
  • single celled simple animals
  • classified based on locomotion
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7
Q

name 2 forms that protozoa exist in

A

trophozoite
cyst

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8
Q

protozoa which are actively growing within a host are in what form?

A

trophozoite

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9
Q

protozoa which are waiting statically in the environment are in what form?

A

cyst

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10
Q

method of locomotion of sporozoa

A

none

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11
Q

method of reproduction of sporozoa

A

simple fission followed by sexual reproduction (2 cycles)

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12
Q

name 3 species of sporozoa

A

plasmodium
toxoplasma
cryptosporidium

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13
Q

what is the most common species of sporozoa?

A

plasmodium

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14
Q

what is the etiologic agent of plasmodium?

A

plasmodium species

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15
Q

what is the most virulent type of plasmodium?

A

plasmodium falciparum (malaria)

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16
Q

what is the vector of malaria?

A

anopheles mosquito

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17
Q

plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent species in what location?

A

sub-Saharan Africa

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18
Q

what is the second most significant species of plasmodium and where is it prevalent?

A

plasmodium vivax
Southeast Asia and Latin America

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19
Q

describe the asexual and sexual life cycles of plasmodium

A
  • mosquito releases sporozoites which act on the liver
  • organism undergoes asexual cycle, infecting RBCs
  • production of gametocytes
  • transmission to next mosquito
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20
Q

what is the most prevalent parasitic disease worldwide?

A

malaria

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21
Q

febrile illness of malaria is caused by ____ infection of ____

A

plasmodium
RBCs

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

black water fever

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24
Q

etiologic agent of toxoplasma

A

toxoplasma gondii

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25
Q

vector of toxoplasma

A

feces of infected domestic cats

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26
Q

treatment for toxoplasma

A

not required unless symptoms are severe, except for pregnant women

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27
Q

in pregnant women, toxoplasma may cause…

A

miscarriage or severe neurological damage to the fetus

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28
Q

toxoplasma is an important cause of ____

A

AIDS-related dementia

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29
Q

how is cryptosporidium transmitted?

A

fecal-oral transmission usually via water

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30
Q

what is the most common symptom of cryptosporidium?

A

watery diarrhea

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31
Q

cryptosporidium is commonly called ____

A

crypto

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32
Q

what is the most primitive of all protozoans?

A

rhizopods

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33
Q

how do rhizopods reproduce?

A

binary fission

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34
Q

method of locomotion of rhizopods

A

pseudopods (‘false foot’)

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35
Q

rhizopods can exist as ____ in periods of environmental stress

A

cysts

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36
Q

rhizopods are ____

A

amoebas

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37
Q

what is the etiologic agent of amebiasis?

A

entamoeba histolytica

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38
Q

amebiasis causes what 2 diseases?

A
  • Montezuma’s revenge
  • New Delhi belly
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39
Q

what is the vector of amebiasis?

A

fecal-oral

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40
Q

amebiasis colonizes the ____

A

colon

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41
Q

acute symptoms of amebiasis

A
  • diarrhea (occ. bloody)
  • flatulence
  • cramping
  • abdominal pain
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42
Q

chronic symptoms of amebiasis

A

alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation

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43
Q

what is the largest class of locomotive parasites to infect humans?

A

mastigophora

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44
Q

how does mastigophora reproduce?

A

binary fission

45
Q

mastigophora can exist solely in ____ form

A

trophozoite

46
Q

what is the vector of trichomonas vaginalis?

A

STD

47
Q

name 4 species of mastigophora

A
  • trichomonas vaginalis
  • tryponosoma
  • giardia
  • leishmania
48
Q

chronic long-term infection by trichomonas vaginalis in males

A

prostatitis and urethritis

49
Q

characteristics of trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • non-invasive
  • petechial hemorrhaging
  • non-toxin producing
  • persistent vaginitis
  • exists only in trophozoite form
50
Q

what is the etiologic agent of the tryponosoma species?

A

trypanasoma

51
Q

what is the vector of tryponosoma species?

A

tsetse fly

52
Q

what is the common name of the tryponosoma species?

A

sleeping sickness

53
Q

african sleeping sickness is confined to ____

A

central Africa

54
Q

pathogenesis of african sleeping sickness

A
  • localized inflammation at bite followed by hematogenous and lymphatic spread
  • colonize small BVs of heart & brain
  • fever, headache, impaired mental status leading to coma and death
  • exist only in trophozoite form
55
Q

what is the etiologic agent of giardia?

A

giardia lamblia

56
Q

vector of giardia

A

fecal-oral

57
Q

giardia is commonly called ____

A

beaver fever

58
Q

pathogenesis of giardiasis

A
  • diarrhea (steatorrhea)
  • cramping
  • flatulence
  • anorexia
  • exists in both cyst & trophozoite stage
59
Q

the leishmania species causes the ____

A

oriental sore

60
Q

vector of leishmania species

A

sand flea

61
Q

pathogenesis of leishmaniasis

A
  • appear weeks to months after bite
  • itchy pustules
  • lymphadenopathy
  • spontaneous healing in 5-12 months
  • depigmented scar
  • confined to skin, no further issues once scar forms
62
Q

how many ciliates infect humans causing intestinal disease?

A

only 1: balantidium coli

63
Q

vector of balantidium coli

A

fecal-oral involving swine (pig) feces

64
Q

name 3 characteristics of helminths

A
  • eukaryotes
  • simple to complex animals
  • 2 phyla of worms
65
Q

name the 2 phyla of worms

A
  • plastyhelminthes: flatworms
  • nemahelminthes: roundworms
66
Q

name 3 classes of worms

A
  • cestodes: tapeworms
  • trematodes: flukes
  • nematodes: roundworms
67
Q

what is the largest of the worms?

A

cestodes

68
Q

describe characteristics of cestodes

A
  • lack vascular and respiratory systems
  • hermaphrodites
  • nutrients absorbed across cuticle
  • adults consist of 3 parts
69
Q

what are the 3 parts of adult cestodes?

A

scolex
regenerative neck regions
long segmented body

70
Q

what is the scolex used for?

A

attachment

71
Q

describe the regenerative neck region

A

segmented portion of a tapeworm: proglottid

72
Q

what is the sexually maturing section of a tapeworm?

A

mature proglottids

73
Q

what are gravid proglottids?

A

ready to break away and release eggs

74
Q

pathogenesis of tapeworm infection

A
  • need primary and secondary host: humans usually incidental
  • can live in humans for decades
  • may reach lengths of 10-25ft
  • cause gastric discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss
75
Q

describe the characteristics of trematodes

A
  • flukes
  • bilateral symmetry
  • mm to cm in length
  • hermaphrodites or schistosomes (sexual)
76
Q

what type of fluke is paragonimus westermani?

A

lung fluke

77
Q

vector of paragonimus westermani

A

ingestion of improperly cooked crab

78
Q

pathogenesis of paragonimus westermani

A
  • eosinophilia and inflammation resulting in formation of a fibrous capsule
  • swell and erode into bronchioles
  • can also rupture pleura
  • may travel to intestine and brain
79
Q

what is the most common trematode worldwide?

A

clonorchis sinesis

80
Q

what type of fluke is clonorchis sinesis?

A

chinese liver fluke

81
Q

vector of clonorchis sinesis

A

ingestion of improperly cooked fish

82
Q

pathogenesis of clonorchis sinesis

A
  • larvae released into duodenum and travel to common bile duct
  • migration may cause fever, chills, mild jaundice, eosinophilia, hepatomegaly
  • cause fibrosis, bile stones, and associated w bile duct carcinoma
  • can migrate to pancreas
  • can survive for 50yrs in human host
83
Q

what type of fluke is the schistosoma species?

A

blood fluke

84
Q

vector of schistosoma

A

fecal-oral

85
Q

what is the only trematode that is cylindrical in shape and have both genders?

A

schistosoma

86
Q

pathogenesis of schistosoma

A
  • cylindrical body
  • sexual reproduction: M + F join for life
  • begin infection in portal vv and travel to ascending colon
  • eggs laid in colon rupture into bowel or bladder
  • adult worms in bladder can result in kidney failure
  • adult worms in intestinal tract causes abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea
  • can live in host for 30yrs
87
Q

nematodes are all ____

A

roundworms

88
Q

what are the 2 types of nematodes?

A

intestinal
tissue

89
Q

characteristics of intestinal nematodes

A
  • fusiform body shape
  • tough outer cuticle
  • M + F
  • thousands of offspring
  • eggs must incubate outside host to become infective
  • larval form
90
Q

etiologic agent of enterobiasis (pinworms)

A

enterobius vermicularis

91
Q

common infections of enterobiasis

A
  • 200,000,000 new infections annually
  • most in children
  • temperate climates
92
Q

pinworms attach to ____

A

cecal mucosa

93
Q

female pinworms migrate to…

A

perianal tissue to lay eggs

94
Q

pathogenesis of enterobiasis

A
  • eggs cause hypersensitivity response
  • eggs stick to tissue, bedding, towels, and fingers
  • eggs can be inhaled or swallowed
  • eggs hatch in upper intestine
  • larva migrate to cecum
95
Q

what is the test to detect pinworms?

A

scotch tape test

96
Q

what is the largest and most common intestinal nematode?

A

ascaris lumbricoides

97
Q

characteristics of ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • females can lay 250-500 thousand eggs per day
  • resistant to environmental pressure
  • remain viable in soil up to 6yrs
98
Q

pathogenesis of ascariasis

A
  • eggs picked up from soil and inhaled/swallowed
  • larva penetrate intestinal mucosa and invade liver
  • larva exit hepatic v and go through heart to lung
  • larva mature and are coughed up and swallowed
99
Q

infection of ascariasis may occur in ____ or ____

A

lung or intestines

100
Q

severity of infection by ascariasis depends on ____

A

worm load

101
Q

what are the symptoms of a heavy ascariasis wormload?

A
  • fever
  • coughing
  • wheezing
  • shortness of breath
  • intestinal blockage or rupture
102
Q

ascariasis worms may pass out of the body via…

A
  • vomiting
  • stool
  • crawling out of nose, mouth, ears, anus
103
Q

characteristics of tissue nematodes

A
  • discharge live offspring called microfilariae
  • circulate through blood or tissue
  • can be ingested by blood sucking insects
104
Q

where does trichinella spiralis live and where is it found?

A
  • lives in duodenum of flesh-eating mammals
  • found in swine and bears
105
Q

pathogenesis of trichinosis

A
  • human infection caused by ingestion of undercooked meat
  • over 1,000,000 americans carry living or dead worms
  • encapsulates in skeletal m
  • viable for 5-10yrs
  • most infections are asymptomatic
106
Q

what are arthropods?

A

animals with segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs

107
Q

what are biological vectors?

A

arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms

108
Q

representative classes of arthropods

A
  • arachnida - 8 legs
  • crustacea - 4 antennae
  • insecta - 6 legs
109
Q

name 6 examples of arthropods

A

mosquito
tick
lice
rat flea
deer fly
kissing bug

NYCC Microbiology (17 decks)

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